1. Using Doppler Radar to “Nowcast” Winter Storms...A Review MSC Winter Severe Weather Workshop Boulder February 2002

2. Outline Doppler in Synoptic Storms is More than just a profiler. We can use the “Non Symmetry” of radial velocity displays in Nowcasting. –Frontal Structures –Convergence, Ascending jets. –Topographical Effects Valleys, Upslope Flow

3. Outline.. continued Forecasting Precipitation Phase –Combining Bright Bands and radial velocity displays Winter Quantitative Precipitation Estimation using radar.

4. Precipitation Phase Warm Fronts –From radial velocity patterns Depth of cold air Nowcasting of Temperature Advections Changes in Strength of low level flow. –From logz and cross sections bright band –Freezing level, lowest extent of melting snow

5. Example 1 February 15 1990. Major event in Toronto: 20 cm of snow followed by 24 hours of ZR with 2 cm accumulations. Models underestimated outflow and had Toronto changing to rain 18 hours too early. Doppler useful in assessing situation.

10. Two Different Warm Fronts It’s “What Lies Beneath” That Counts.

13. Bright Bands Most pcpn forms through ice process rather than rain process As snow falls through FZG LVL snow melts from outside, thus initially looks like slow falling large raindrop Results in 5-15 dBz increase in reflectivity Relative max of reflectivity (Bright band) is just below FZG LVL. Persists til all snow has melted. Most predominant in stratiform situations

17. Bright Band Example B.C. 13 Dec 1998

21. Bright Band- RHI display

22. Bright Bands and Forecasting Freezing Levels Vertical Extent of wet snow. Very useful in varying terrain.

23. March 27 2001 Synoptic storm moves through lower mainland. Rain and plus 9C had been forecast. Outflow brought colder temps (3C YVR) and wet snow in higher suburbs.

24. Sequence of Events on Radar Low level flow initially southeast then outflow develops down Fraser Valley. Low level air cools with outflow and freezing level drops. Outflow weakens and freezing level starts to rise again.

25. March 27 2001 Interesting example of combining bright band with radial velocity winds. –Bright band shows height of melting layer lowering corresponding to intensity of outflow.

26. Between 1900z and 2000z lowest level flow backs and by 2200z there is a significant outflow down the Fraser Valley. By 0030 the outflow reaches it’s peak and then starts to weaken.

29. Relationship between outflow and freezing level Bright band gives height of freezing level and lowest elevation of any wet snow. Let’s look at relationship between bright band and outflow. Windows media player.

31. Synoptic Example 2 Dec 11 2000 Cold frontal passage at Toronto followed 12 hours later by major precipitation event. Models indicated snow/freezing rain line very close to Toronto. Use Doppler pattern to monitor accuracy of models.

38. Synoptic Example 3 March 5 2001 Great uncertainty about snow amounts over Toronto. Rather innocuous pattern. Strong low level convergence on Doppler indicated significant low level vertical velocities going on.

43. A similar Alberta example

48. Cold Fronts and radial velocities

49. Cold Fronts Usually marked by quite sharp change in wind direction. This will mean sharp change in radial component of wind Will show up as a discontinuity on Doppler.

56. Cold Fronts B.C. style

58. Using Doppler to Calculate Upslope Snows Montana (Thanks to Gene Petrewsca _Missoula MT)

59. Upslope Flow Developing after a cold frontal passage Doppler can give you: – the component of the wind that is upslope –the depth of the cold air Then if you know: –Slope of terrain –Moisture content You could calculate snow accumulation rates?

62. Topographical Effects

63. Outflow Winds The Fraser Valley British Columbia

66. Negative Angles and Doppler

67. Valley Winds Negative Elevation Angles

68. The Lower St Lawrence Snow in the Valley Moving a different direction As seen by Doppler

70. Snow in valley below horizon

76. Sea Clutter

77. Winds Channeled by Sounds

80. Precipitation Estimates

82. 82 24Hr RFA Hybrid Doppler Corrected LogZ and low level Cappi

83. RFA Differences between using CAPPI and Corrected Log ZR Corrected log Z filters ground clutter. Calculated from lower PPI’s than CAPPI Would expect log Z to be better. However studies have identified problems with corrected log Z.

84. 84 CAPPI

88. Corrected log Z Problem seems to be related to very short pulse length used in Doppler scan.

89. Adjusting Model outputs for snow/liquid ratios Models forecast water equivalent. Snow/liquid ratios can have sharp gradients associated with deep winter storms –Ratios are a function of the coldness of the layer where snow falls. –Can be related to 1000-700 mb thicknesses

90. Example December 11/12 2000

91. Water Equivalent Amounts from Models

94. Observed Snow Amounts

96. Estimating Snow from Radar Adjust Observed Amounts on Radar by Snow to liquid ratio and estimates not bad.

97. Hurricanes and Doppler

98. Trick Question: –If the eye of a hurricane were directly over a radar what would the radial velocity display look like? –At a distance from the radar?

99. Hurricanes At a distance hurricanes have same appearance on Doppler as a giant mesocyclone.

102. Exercise Look at this picture… especially look at the outbound winds. Can you tell me what is unusual about the wind profile implied by this display. Compare with the inbound winds.

105. Answer Wind direction constant with height. Wind speeds decrease (slightly) with height. What type of system would do this?

106. Answer Tropical Storm Karen was just to the west. Doppler helped to confirm some structures of transitioning tropical storms that had been observed. Low level jet lower to the east than to the west of the system.