1. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD COSMOS Summer 2008 Peripheral Interfaces: I2C & USB Rajesh K. Gupta Computer Science and Engineering University of California, San Diego.

2. Roadmap Topic: –Computer interfaces: mechanicals, electricals, signaling, protocols This lecture –Concepts covered: Input/Output, Addressing, Synchronous, Asynchronous, Access Arbitration, Protocols, Packets, Messaging –Concepts covered: Interface standardization, character coding, serial data transfers, Star network, Host controller Next lecture –Cap Sensing Reference –None ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD Keywords: Bidirectional Address space Address decoding Multi-master Wired AND I2C, Master/Slave, RS232c, Dsub connector, UART, USB, USB Hub, USB host

3. What is this connector? 9-pin RS232C: DE-9 A “Serial” Port

4. Then What Are These?

5. From RS232c to USB “D-Sub” connectors –A: 15 pin –B: 25 pin –C: 37 pin –D: 50 pin –E: 9 pin RS232 was DB25 –RS232c was DE9 Specified by EIA in 1969 –Electricals (voltage levels) –Signaling rate, timing, slew-rate –Mechanicals –But not: character encoding, character framing, protocols Question 1: How many keys on your keyboard? Question 2: How many bits it will take to encode these?

6. What is ASCII? American Standard Code for Information Interchange –Published in 1963, revised 1967, 1986 128 characters, incl. 33 non-printing or control –94 printable characters: 26 + 10 + 11-25 symbols –Is SPACE printable? 8-bit extension by MAC OS Roman Unicode and Universal Character Set (UCS) –UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32

8. Interface Basics 1.Who/Where to send/receive information? –Ports: mechanicals, electrical 2.What information to send? –Signals and Packets: Electrical signaling, logical encoding 3.How to send the information? –Protocols: synchronous, asynchronous How do we measure goodness of an interface?

9. 1. Ports Which door to knock at or open? All processors already have one door: memory –Memory-mapped IO They may have additional I/O ports –How are these ports identified? –How are devices connecting to these ports identified? Mechanically, Electrically, or at a ‘higher level’ Memory-mapped versus dedicated IO –What happens to CPU when I/O operation is in progress?

10. 2. Signaling How many wires? What do they carry? –Serial signaling: Send one bit at a time Direction of signaling: Half and Full Duplex –Synchronous versus Asynchronous Asynchronous serial communication –Send a START signal prior to each byte –And a STOP signal after each byte –Generally use more than 8-bit to transmit a byte (10 to 12) UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter –Again, no shared clock. The RX must lock onto data and detect individual bits –TX is a Parallel-to-Series converter RX is a Series-to-Parallel converter

11. 3. Protocols Request/Acknowledge Handshakes –RTS = Request to Send: Transmitter (TX) asserts RTS –CTS = Clear to Send: Receiver (RX) asserts CTS This gives you flow control –i.e., data transfer can proceed at a rate that is acceptable Let us examine two protocols –I2C and USB

12. I2C: inter-integrated circuit Two-wire –A microcontroller can control a network of devices with just two general-purpose IO pins and software. (upto a few meters) Connects multiple devices on a multi-drop bus Devices can be attached or detached without affecting other devices –7-bit address space, 16 reserved, 112 nodes maximum 10 kbps (low), 100 kbps, 400 kbps (fast), FM+ 1 Mbps, HS 3.4 Mbps ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

13. I2C Wires Two bidirectional wires –SDA: Serial Data –SCL: Serial Clock ‘Open drain’: normally high when not in use –MASTER node issues the SCL and addresses SLAVES –SLAVE node receives the SCL and the address –“Wired AND” logical function. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

14. So, how do we write or read? Normally, both SDA and SCL are ‘high’ –“sense” before you drive a line A device that wants to write pulls SDA low –Followed by SCL going low So, everyone else knows that a transmission is starting ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

15. START, Data, Data,…,Data, STOP!

16. Putting it together Start Condition: With SCL low, SDA goes H  L Bits are ‘sampled’ on the rising edge of SCL Stop Condition: With SCL high, SDA goes L  H ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

17. QUIZ Question 1: What is on SDA when it makes a transition with SCL low? Question 2: What is on SDA when it makes a transition with SCL high? Question 3: What happens if Slave is not ready to receive next BIT?

18. I2C Protocol Any number of bytes in an I2C packet –MSB first, each bytes transmitted must be acknowledged by the receiver –After each 8 th bit, MASTER releases SDA and then generates an additional clock pulse on SCL Receiver can then acknowledge by pulling SDA low Receiver can always abort the transmission by holding SCL low –Can not go up by the MASTER, thus no bit sampling edge ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

19. Bi-directional Data Transfers

20. I2C Protocol Actions Master sends START –followed by 7-bit address of the Slave followed by single bit representing write to (0) or read from (1) the slave. Slave responds with ACK bit for that address –Master then continues in either TX or RX mode Communication transfer follows. All other MASTERS monitor START and STOP bits. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

21. Note the direction of signaling

22. Exercise Is I2C communication synchronous or asynchronous? Is I2C duplex? Fully duplex? Draw SDA and SCL waveforms in case of transmission of START followed by $A2 = (1010 0010) ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD

23. Stepping Back in Time: RS232 to USB RS232C originally designed for connecting a teletype (DTE) to a modem (DCE) –The modem connected over the phone line to other modems –Question: Why ‘modem’? Hint: interface to the telephone line. –In truth, DTE, DCE is a bit arbitrary RS232C is ‘unbalanced’ –Logical High = typically -12V (-5 to -15 V) –Logical Low = typically +12V (+5 to +15 V) –This means that one typically needs interface circuits to the microprocessor (level shifters) 7-bit data frames –(instead of more common 8-bit) –You may receive email that specifies 7-bit character set just in case it is routed via a serial connection that supports only 7-bit transmission

24. Standardizing the Standard: USB RS232C was not standard enough –Too much flexibility (on data rate, parity, flow control) USB: standardized the door and the lane –Software takes care of the data, information side –The ‘OS’ is aware of the device interface –Up to 127 devices. One standard cable. –Devices identify themselves. Not the interface. USB 1.1: 12 Mbps (Normal), 1.5 Mbps (Low) USB 2.0: 480 Mbps (High) USB 3.0: 4.8 Gbps (Super)

25. USB Shielded 4-wire cable One host in a network: host controller –Upstream versus downstream connection and connectors (A versus B) Host controller either directly connects to device (star) or through a hub (tiered star) –Because of the connectors, no device-to-device connections When a device is attached to the network –Based on its identification, the host OS determines the software driver to be used, –device is assigned a unique address and –host requests its internal configuration. 1VbusUSB device power (+5 V)Red 3D+Differential data lineGreen 2D-Differential data lineWhite 4GNDPower and signal groundBlack

26. Classes of Devices Host controller know about the following class of devices –Audio –HID –Hub –IrDA –Mass storage: HD, CDROM, DVD –Monitor –Communications –Physical interface device –Power –Printer –Imaging –Common class…

27. USB Packets All data transfers under the control of the host controller Four type of data transfers –Control transfer: configure the bus and devices on the bus –Bulk transfer: move data asynchronously –Isochronous transfer: move time-critical data (e.g, audio) –Interrupt transfer: retrieve data at regular intervals A packet contains –SYNC byte, Packet ID, Content, CRC Four type of packets –Token, data, handshake, preamble Defined processes for how a device is recognized, joins the network and how it communicates with the host controller.

28. Embedding Clock Recover clock from data Manchester Encoding –Each data bit (1 or a 0) has at least one transition –So, we can ‘recover’ clock from data

29. Coding Schemes Note that each data transition requires two transitions of clock –Higher frequency, signal bandwidth, electrical effects A coding scheme can reduce the number of transitions –to be equal to that of the data rate NRZ (duration of each bit = 1/f) NRZI (signal is toggled only when a logic 1 is to be transmitted) 4B/5B encoding translated 4 bits of data into a 5-bit symbol for the 16 possible permutations there are 32 symbols carefully choose symbols to guarantee that at least one signal transition within any 3 bit period.

30. 4b/5b code

31. ©2008 R. Gupta, UCSD Recap Computers interfaces with devices via memory or via direct ports I2C defines a 2-pin interface that –Performs Master-Slave communications The interface defines electrical behavior (signaling) –And the data transfer protocols (messaging) –What about the mechanicals? Serial interfaces are simpler and cost effective in embedded applications Standardization helps in proliferating their use The data interface can also be used to supply power –Typically use ‘unused’ pins in the standard E.g., A RTS ‘powers up’ a device –PoE, PoweredUSB, …