3. Chapter Menu Lesson 1:Fossils and EvolutionFossils and Evolution Lesson 2:Biological EvidenceBiological Evidence Lesson 3:Evolution and Plate TectonicsEvolution and Plate Tectonics Lesson 4:Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

4. fossil paleontologist permineralization mold cast fossil record 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

5. What are fossils? Fossils are the naturally preserved remains, imprints, or traces of organisms that lived long ago. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution –Includes bones, shells, and footprints. –Microfossils can only be seen under a microscope. Fossils

6. What are fossils? (cont.) A paleontologist is a scientist who studies fossils. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution –the relationships among organisms –the approximate times when life first appeared on Earth –when organisms became extinct They determine:

7. When do fossils form? Decomposition—breaking down into substances that can be used by other organisms—is part of an organism’s life cycle. For an organism to become a fossil, it must be protected from decomposers, scavengers, and environmental factors. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

8. How are fossils formed? Fossils only form under certain conditions. Most frequently found fossils are preserved hard structures, but occasionally soft structures are preserved. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

9. Permineralization When substances inside the tiny spaces of dead organisms decompose, water seeps in and deposits minerals, such as silica or calcite. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution This process—permineralization—forms a strong, rock-like fossil.

10. Replacement The hard parts of an organism are replaced by minerals in replacement. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution Only the shape of the original organism remains.

11. Carbonization If a dead organism is quickly buried under conditions without oxygen, the elements of the living tissue are removed. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution A thin carbon film remains and is compressed by sediment, preserving the image of the organism on a rock.

12. Molds and Casts Molds can be the imprints from a shell or the skin of an animal. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution Molds fill in with sediment that hardens into rock creating casts. No parts of the original organism remain.

13. Lesson 1 Review What describes the deposit of minerals into the tiny spaces that have decomposed in an organism? Apermineralization Bdecomposition Creplacement Dmolds 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

14. Lesson 1 Review What describes the preservation of the impression of an organism if no parts of the organism remain? Acarbonization Breplacement Cmolds or casts Doriginal material 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

15. Lesson 1 Review What are the most commonly found fossils? Aoriginal material Bhard structures Csoft structures Dfootprints 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

16. End of Lesson 1

17. Warm-Up The first 2 mass extinctions occurred mostly to animals that lived in the ocean. Scientists hypothesize that the first mass extinction may have been caused by shifting of the plates of Earth’s continents. How would this effect the animal life? A.There would be no more food of any kind. B.Climates would change killing off the food the animals ate. C.There would not be enough water D.The animals would have died from all the earthquakes.

18. What do fossils tells us? Much of the evidence for the pattern of evolutionary relationships comes from fossils. Scientists also study fossils to understand some processes and rates of evolution. Fossils provide a record of different organisms that lived in the past. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

19. Relative Fossil Ages Generally, younger fossils are in shallow sedimentary rock layers and older fossils are in deeper layers. In this way, fossils can be compared by relative age and the changes to species can be documented. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

20. Species and Environmental Changes The fossil record is all the known fossils and their placements in the formation of rocks and positions in time. Life on Earth, as well as the shape of the Earth surface, has a history of change that is called evolution and can be illustrate using the fossil record is evidence of the evolution of plants and animals, and their extinction. 6.1 Fossils and Evolution

21. Species and Environmental Changes Fossils, ice cores, and rocks provide evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed throughout time. Scientists use this information to gain knowledge about ancient climate, geography, geologic events and life forms. The evidence that organisms and landforms change over time is scientifically described using the Theory of Evolution 6.1 Fossils and Evolution (cont.)

22. Species and Environmental Changes Living things evolve in response to changes in their environment. The movements of Earth’s plates, continually change the shape of the Earth’s crust. These same movements have caused plates to pass through different climates. What do you think happened to the organisms with these changes? 6.1 Fossils and Evolution (cont.)

23. Organisms that were best adapted to deal with climatic, geographical, and environmental changes throughout time survived while others became extinct. Idea of Survival of the fittest (natural selection)

24. Can’t adapt= extiction Most species that have lived on the earth are now extinct. Some organisms that lived long ago are similar to existing organisms, but some are quite different. Extinction of organisms is apparent in the fossil record Extinction of species is common; most of the species that have lived on the earth no longer exist.

25. Biological Adapatations Biological adaptations include changes in structures, behaviors, or physiology that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment. Similarities among organisms can infer the degree of relatedness

26. comparative anatomy homologous structure embryology 6.2 Biological Evidence

27. Comparative Anatomy Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the physical structures of organisms. 6.2 Biological Evidence Besides fossils, comparative anatomy supports the theory of evolution by natural selection.

28. Structures in Organisms At some point in our pasts, humans, frogs, bats, birds, and cats all shared a common ancestor. 6.2 Biological Evidence

29. Homologous Structures body parts of different organisms that have a similar structure but not necessarily a similar function are called homologous structures. 6.2 Biological Evidence –Are the result of evolution –Can indicate how closely two or more species share common ancestors

30. Homologous Structures (cont.) 6.2 Biological Evidence The bones in the upper limbs of these animals are homologous structures.

31. Analogous Structures Analogous structures are body parts that have a similar function but not a similar structure. 6.2 Biological Evidence –The wings of birds and insects –Result from similar environmental conditions that produced similar natural selection outcomes

33. Vestigial Structures Another source of evidence for evolution is vestigial structures—structures that have no function in their present-day form. 6.2 Biological Evidence Scientists hypothesize that the structures once functioned in an ancestor.

34. Embryology The science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth is embryology. 6.2 Biological Evidence The more closely related species are, the more features they share during development. Shared similarities are best explained by the theory of common ancestors and evolution through natural selection.

35. Molecular Biology (cont.) 6.2 Biological Evidence

36. Lesson 2 Review What describes the wings of an insect and a bird? Aanalogous structures Bvestigial structures Chomologous structures Dembryology 6.2 Biological Evidence

37. Lesson 2 Review Which types of structures have no function in their present-day form? Ahomologous structures Bvestigial structures Canalogous structures Dpharyngeal pouches 6.2 Biological Evidence

38. Lesson 2 Review What do embryologists compare when studying embryos? Aphysical structures Bproteins CDNA sequence Dpatterns of development 6.2 Biological Evidence

39. Review In a group come up with a sign(movement) that represents each word: Homologous Analogous Embryology

40. geographic isolation convergent evolution Warm-up: Look at these two words and try to use any knowledge to figure out what they may mean? 6.3Evolution and Plate Tectonics

41. Continental Drift Acceptance of the continental drift hypothesis led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics. As lithospheric plates move, they create environmental changes for the organisms that live in or near them. The changes lead to the development of and extinction of species. 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

42. Continental Drift (cont.) 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

43. Geographic Isolation Geographic isolation occurs when populations of species are separated by a physical barrier. Once separated, the populations might follow different evolutionary paths. 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

44. Darwin’s Observations The results of geographic isolation prompted much of Darwin’s research. Species on an island were more similar to those on the mainland even though the two environments were different. These observations led to the idea of evolution by natural selection. 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

45. Geographic Isolation v. Convergent Evolution Sometimes distant locations with similar environmental conditions have species with similar traits. The species developed independently but under similar conditions. Convergent evolution results in structural and functional similarities. 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

46. Lesson 3 Review What term describes the separation of populations by physical barriers? Acontinental drift Bgeographic isolation Cconvergent evolution Dtheory of plate tectonics 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

47. Lesson 3 Review What did Darwin observe about geographically isolated populations? ASpecies on distant islands with similar environmental conditions were similar. BSpecies on islands and the mainland had undergone convergent evolution. CSpecies on islands were similar to those on the mainland even though the environments were different. DSpecies on the islands were more similar to each other than species on one island and the mainland. 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

48. Lesson 3 Review What is the term for how very distantly related species can appear similar? Ageographic isolation Brecent common ancestry Cconvergent evolution Dnatural selection 6.3 Evolution and Plate Tectonics

49. End of Lesson 3

50. Do you think a population with more or less genetic variation (Diversity in genes) has a greater chance of adapting to a change?

51. 6.4Classifying Organisms systematics

52. Historic Classification Systems 6.4 Classifying Organisms Aristotle categorized things as animals, plants, or minerals, and then according to where they lived—air, land, or sea. Linnaeus developed a classification system that grouped organisms by similar physical structures, from kingdom to species. Species have the greatest number of traits in common and can breed and produce fertile offspring.

53. Naming and Grouping Species 6.4 Classifying Organisms Linnaeus also developed a system for naming species that is still used. The two-word scientific name of an organism is its species name.

56. TAXONOMY Biological classification is a system which is used to organize and codify all life on Earth. Creating a system of classification allows scientists: – to examine the relationships between various organisms –to construct evolutionary trees to explore the origins of life on Earth and the relationship of modern organisms to historical examples.

57. Determining Kingdom 6.4 Classifying Organisms Basic features such as cell type, presence of a cell wall, or single-celled versus multicellular define a kingdom. –Eubacteria –Archeabacteria –Protists –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia

58. Modern Methods of Classification The modern study of classification— systematics—uses DNA and molecular biology to identify related organisms. The more shared DNA sequences two species have, the more recent ancestor they probably share. 6.4 Classifying Organisms

59. Modern Methods of Classification (cont.) Scientists use haplotypes—samples of 1000 base pairs—to compare DNA sequences among organisms. DNA hybridization measures the percentages of DNA that are the same between two organisms. 6.4 Classifying Organisms

60. Modern Methods of Classification (cont.) Molecular biology led to a new level of classification—domain—based on differences in a particular genetic sequence. –Bacteria –Archaea –Eukarya 6.4 Classifying Organisms

61. Modern Methods of Classification (cont.) As more sophisticated techniques are developed, the classification system will become more refined. 6.4 Classifying Organisms

62. Lesson 4 Review What was Linnaeus’ classification system based on? Awhether things were plant, animal, or mineral Bwhere organisms lived—air, water, or land Csimilar DNA sequences Dsimilar physical structures 6.4 Classifying Organisms

63. Lesson 4 Review What approach measures the percentage of DNA that is similar between two organisms? ADNA hybridization BDNA sequencing Chaplotypes Dsystematics 6.4 Classifying Organisms

64. Activity

65. End of Lesson 4

66. Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Image Bank Science Online Chapter Resources Menu Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

67. What does a paleontologist study? ADNA Bclassification of organisms Cfossils Dembryos Chapter Assessment 1

68. What does NOT explain the gaps in the fossil record? AMost organisms decay before fossilization. BFossils are unreliable for studying Earth’s history. CSome fossils have not been found yet. DGeological processes destroy fossils. Chapter Assessment 2

69. What describes the study of similarities and differences in the structure of organisms? Aembryology Bsystematics Cmolecular biology Dcomparative anatomy Chapter Assessment 3

70. Analogous structures an indication of ____. Aconvergent evolution Ba common ancestor Ccontinental drift Dgeographic isolation Chapter Assessment 4

71. What is currently the highest level of classification? Aanimalia Bdomain Ckingdom Dorder Chapter Assessment 5

72. What does the depth of a fossil in the rock layer tell us about the fossil? Ahow old it is Bhow it died Chow it evolved Dhow it lived CA Standards Practice 1 SCI 4.c

73. What does the fossil record NOT indicate? ASpecies have evolved through natural selection. BMost species that lived on Earth are extinct. CEnvironmental conditions on Earth have not changed much. DIn Earth’s early history, life was less complex. CA Standards Practice 2 SCI 4.e

74. Which of the following does not provide independent evidence for the theory of evolution through natural selection? Afossil record Bcomparative anatomy Csystematics Dmolecular biology CA Standards Practice 3 SCI 3.c

75. How does the movement of lithospheric plates possibly lead to the evolution of a new species? Aconvergent evolution Bhomologous structures Cenvironmental changes Dcontinental drift CA Standards Practice 4 SCI 4.f

76. Which of the following is not a kingdom? Aprotista Bfungi Ceukaya Danimalia CA Standards Practice 5 SCI 3.d

77. Image Bank

78. End of Resources