1. 12345 Mammals are characterized by each of the following EXCEPT 1.mammary glands. 2.hair. 3.endothermy. 4.three-chambered hearts.

2. 12345 A feature that is present in most female mammals, but not male mammals, is 1.generating body heat internally. 2.subcutaneous fat. 3.the ability to nourish young with milk. 4.breathing air.

3. 12345 To determine whether a vertebrate is a bird or a mammal, it would be useful to know if it 1.has a four- chambered heart. 2.breathes air. 3.has hair. 4.is an endotherm.

4. 12345 Which organ is used by a cow to feed her newborn calf? 1.mammary gland 2.placenta 3.marsupium 4.rumen

5. 12345 The first true mammals appeared during the 1.Permian Period. 2.late Triassic Period. 3.Cretaceous Period. 4.Cenozoic Era.

6. 12345 The three main groups of mammals are the 1.monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. 2.platypuses, echidnas, and marsupials. 3.rodents, carnivores, and primates. 4.kangaroos, koalas, and wombats.

7. 12345 The earliest mammals 1.appeared about 65 million years ago and had simple teeth. 2.were large and resembled modern elephants. 3.were small and probably were most active during the daytime. 4.probably were nocturnal and ate insects.

8. 12345 To release heat from their bodies when necessary, some mammals use their 1.external body hair. 2.subcutaneous fat. 3.sweat glands. 4.high rate of metabolism.

9. 12345 Mammals that have baleen feed on 1.insects. 2.nectar. 3.plankton. 4.fruit.

10. 12345 Which body system includes the rumen? 1.respiratory 2.circulatory 3.excretory 4.digestive

11. 12345 1.2. 3.4. Which sequence correctly describes the path of newly swallowed plant food through the digestive tract of a cow?

12. 12345 The volume of the chest cavity increases when 1.the rib cage lowers. 2.air leaves the lungs. 3.the diaphragm contracts. 4.the bottom of the chest cavity moves upward.

13. 12345 The mammalian circulatory system consists of 1.one loop powered by a four- chambered heart. 2.two separate loops powered by a four- chambered heart. 3.two separate loops powered by a three-chambered heart. 4.four separate loops powered by a two- chambered heart.

14. 12345 In mammals, the amount of water in the body is controlled mainly by the 1.kidneys. 2.diaphragm. 3.heart. 4.lungs.

15. 12345 Which part of a mammal’s brain contains a well-developed cerebral cortex—the center of thinking? 1.medulla oblongata 2.spinal cord 3.cerebrum 4.cerebellum

16. 12345 A mammal that cannot properly adjust its breathing rate under varying conditions probably has a defect in its 1.medulla oblongata. 2.spinal cord. 3.cerebrum. 4.cerebellum.

17. 12345 One group of mammals is reproductively different from the other two groups because its members 1.are live-bearing. 2.reproduce by external fertilization. 3.lay eggs. 4.do not nourish their young with milk.

18. 12345 The egg-laying mammals are called 1.marsupials. 2.monotremes. 3.placental mammals. 4.insectivores.

19. 12345 An example of an animal with a marsupium is a(an) 1.elephant. 2.sea lion. 3.mouse. 4.kangaroo.

20. 12345 The only continent on which you can expect to find a wild mammal with a cloaca is 1.North America. 2.South America. 3.Australia. 4.Africa.

21. 12345 The function of a placenta is to 1.exchange materials between an embryo and its mother. 2.store and process newly swallowed plant food. 3.store urine until it is eliminated from the body. 4.increase the volume of the chest cavity during breathing.

22. 12345 In which of the following mammals does an embryo spend the most time developing inside the mother? 1.echidna 2.elephant 3.kangaroo 4.koala

23. 12345 Mammals of species X reproduce without forming a placenta. You could determine to which of the three groups of mammals species X belongs if you knew any of the following EXCEPT 1.how its reproductive and urinary systems connect to the outside of the body. 2.what happens to its eggs after they are fertilized. 3.how it controls its body temperature. 4.how its young obtain milk from the mother.

24. 12345 Which of the following mammals is a proboscidean? 1.shrew 2.rabbit 3.bat 4.elephant

25. 12345 A hoofed mammal is either a(an) 1.perissodactyl or a proboscidean. 2.perissodactyl or an artiodactyl. 3.artiodactyl or a sirenian. 4.sirenian or a xenarthran.

26. 12345 Which of the following animals is LEAST closely related to the other three? 1.mole 2.vole 3.mouse 4.porcupine

27. 12345 The similar appearance of armadillos and aardvarks is an example of 1.continental drift. 2.convergent evolution. 3.social interaction. 4.homeostasis.

28. 12345 Continental drift caused the separation of different mammal groups from one another during the 1.early Triassic Period. 2.Permian Period. 3.early Cenozoic Era. 4.Paleozoic Era.

29. 12345 Convergent evolution has occurred in mammals because 1.continents have drifted apart. 2.similar ecological opportunities have existed in widely separated places. 3.climate underwent changes in the past. 4.different mammals eat the same foods.

30. 12345 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primates? 1.opposable digits 2.a well-developed cerebrum 3.binocular vision 4.a cloaca

31. 12345 Having a thumb that can move against the other fingers makes it possible for a primate to 1.hold objects firmly. 2.merge visual images. 3.display elaborate social behaviors. 4.judge the locations of tree branches.

32. 12345 A primate that is blind in one eye would have difficulty 1.distinguishing between objects on the basis of their color. 2.seeing the full range of colors that a primate with two eyes can see. 3.estimating the distance to an unfamiliar object. 4.holding an object in the hand that is on the same side as that eye.

33. 12345 An example of a prosimian is a(an) 1.spider monkey. 2.baboon. 3.orangutan. 4.lemur.

34. 12345 A primate that uses its prehensile tail to swing from branch to branch is the 1.gibbon. 2.squirrel monkey. 3.macaque. 4.orangutan.

35. 12345 The group that includes gibbons and humans but does not include tarsiers is the 1.primates. 2.prosimians. 3.hominoids. 4.hominids.

36. 12345 On which continent would you find a monkey that can hold onto a branch while it uses its hands and feet to grasp something else? 1.South America 2.Africa 3.Asia 4.Australia

37. 12345 Hominids differ from other primates on the basis of all of the following EXCEPT 1.brain size. 2.method of reproduction. 3.method of locomotion. 4.shape of the hip bones.

38. 12345 Bipedal locomotion consists of 1.swinging from branch to branch. 2.using the tail to grasp branches during walking. 3.moving the big toe against the other digits. 4.walking on two feet.

39. 12345 Fossil evidence indicates that Australopithecus afarensis 1.was primarily a meat-eater. 2.had a large brain. 3.was bipedal. 4.appeared later than Homo ergaster.

40. 12345 Most paleontologists think that Paranthropus was a(an) 1.ancestor of Australopithecus. 2.ancestor of modern gorillas. 3.ancestor of modern humans. 4.distant relative of modern humans.

41. 12345 The earliest hominid that belonged to the same genus as modern humans was probably 1.Homo habilis. 2.Homo neanderthalensis. 3.Homo afarensis. 4.Homo ergaster.

42. 12345 Suppose scientists could compare the DNA of modern humans with the DNA of Homo erectus populations that lived in different sites around the world. If the DNA of a modern human native to each site were found to be most similar to the DNA of Homo erectus from the same site, that finding would 1.support the multiregional model. 2.support the out-of-Africa model. 3.support both the multiregional model and the out- of-Africa model. 4.disprove both the multiregional model and the out- of-Africa model.

43. 12345 Two hominids whose fossils you would NOT expect to find in rocks of the same age are 1.Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. 2.Kenyanthropus platyops and Australopithecus afarensis. 3.Homo ergaster and Homo erectus. 4.Homo neanderthalensis and Australopithecus afarensis.

44. 12345 Which statement is true of the Neanderthals? 1.They evolved after the Cro-Magnons. 2.They made stone tools. 3.They became extinct about 1 million years ago. 4.They replaced Homo sapiens in Europe and the Middle East.

45. 12345 Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Cro-Magnons? 1.making sophisticated stone blades 2.producing cave paintings 3.having a skeleton similar to that of a gorilla 4.burying their dead with elaborate rituals

46. 12345 All mammals are ectotherms. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

47. 12345 The first mammals were very large. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

48. 12345 The Permian Period is usually called the Age of Mammals. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

49. 12345 The first true mammals evolved before the period during which dinosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

50. 12345 A mammal with reduced canines and flattened premolars is most likely a herbivore. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

51. 12345 Cows can digest cellulose because they have symbiotic bacteria in their rumen. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

52. 12345 A mammal that can learn to find its way through a maze more quickly than another mammal probably has a better- developed cerebellum. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

53. 12345 Among mammals, only the monotremes lay eggs. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

54. 12345 Slow-moving, herbivorous mammals that live in rivers and warm coastal waters are in the order of sirenians. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

55. 12345 Convergent evolution has produced mammals that have different adaptations on different continents. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

56. 12345 Primates have opposable vision, which is the ability to merge images from both eyes. ______________________________ 1.True 2.False

57. 12345 New World monkeys live almost entirely in trees. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

58. 12345 Bush babies and lemurs are in the group of primates known as anthropoids. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

59. 12345 Primates that have a bowl-shaped pelvis usually walk on two legs. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

60. 12345 Members of the genus Australopithecus used tools. _________________________ 1.True 2.False

61. Participant Scores 0Participant 1 0Participant 2 0Participant 3 0Participant 4 0Participant 5

62. 0 of 5 12345 Two features that are found in all mammals but are not found in other chordates are hair and _________________________.

63. 0 of 5 12345 Indricotherium was an extinct mammal that stood more than 5 meters high at the shoulder. The earliest era or period during which Indricotherium could have lived was the _________________________.

64. 0 of 5 12345 Mammals have ____________________ and body fat that help conserve body heat.

65. 0 of 5 12345 In darkness, dolphins rely on their sense of ____________________ to locate objects around them.

66. 0 of 5 12345 A flexible ____________________ allows mammals to move both vertically and from side to side.

67. 0 of 5 12345 If a mammal has a rumen in its digestive tract, the mammal’s molars and premolars are adapted for grinding ____________________.

68. 0 of 5 12345 During embryonic development, a young mammal’s blood comes closest to its mother’s blood when the blood of the developing embryo flows through _________________________.

69. 0 of 5 12345 The only monotremes that exist today are the _________________________ and the spiny anteaters.

70. 0 of 5 12345 Because an oryx has four toes on each foot, this hoofed mammal is classified in the order called ____________________.

71. 0 of 5 12345 If geographically isolated species have similar characteristics that were not present in their ancestors, those mammals are said to have undergone _________________________.

72. 0 of 5 12345 Primates can display more complex behaviors than many other mammals because their brains have a well-developed ____________________.

73. 0 of 5 12345 The anthropoids that are native to Central and South America are called ____________________ monkeys.

74. 0 of 5 12345 Primates that walk on two feet use ____________________ locomotion.

75. 0 of 5 12345 The first hominid in the genus Homo was named Homo habilis because evidence indicates that members of the species used ____________________.

76. 0 of 5 12345 Members of the species Homo ____________________ flourished in Europe from 200,000 to 30,000 years ago.

77. 0 of 5 12345 List two characteristics that are found only in mammals and three other characteristics that are found in mammals and in some other vertebrates.

78. 0 of 5 12345 How can mammals be distinguished from other vertebrates on the basis of the fossils they leave behind?

79. 0 of 5 12345 Describe the adaptation that humpback whales use to feed.

80. 0 of 5 12345 Name the four specialized types of mammalian teeth.

81. 0 of 5 12345 What is the function of the diaphragm?

82. 0 of 5 12345 Bony fishes that live in the ocean continually lose water across their respiratory surfaces, because the salt concentration in sea water is higher than that in the fishes’ bodies. Why don’t marine mammals encounter the same problem?

83. 0 of 5 12345 What are two ways in which mammals maintain homeostasis?

84. 0 of 5 12345 What are the most important characteristics that scientists use to classify mammals into subgroups?

85. 0 of 5 12345 What is a marsupium?

86. 0 of 5 12345 How do the incisor teeth of rodents differ from those of lagomorphs?

87. 0 of 5 12345 The kultarr is a desert-dwelling Australian mammal that has long hindlegs and a long tail. It hunts spiders and other arthropods. Female kultarrs have a pouch in which the young complete their early development. What characteristics would you expect to see in a placental mammal that exhibits convergent evolution with the kultarr?

88. 0 of 5 12345 What adaptation of primates makes it possible for a person to swim the backstroke?

89. 0 of 5 12345 Why is binocular vision important to a primate that moves through the branches of trees?

90. 0 of 5 12345 What is a prosimian?

91. 0 of 5 12345 Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has stated that “mankind stood up first and got smart later.” What evidence supports that statement?

92. 0 of 5 12345 What adaptations enable mammals to maintain a constant body temperature?

93. 0 of 5 12345 Suppose you find a tooth at the bottom of an old cabinet that had been used to store a variety of mammalian skulls. How would you decide what type of tooth it was and whether it came from a carnivore or a herbivore?

94. 0 of 5 12345 Explain how mammals inhale and exhale.

95. 0 of 5 12345 Compare your sense of hearing with that sense in other mammals.

96. 0 of 5 12345 Why are monotremes sometimes said to be intermediate between reptiles and mammals in their manner of reproduction?

97. 0 of 5 12345 Suppose a group of scientists discovers an unidentified female mammal in New Guinea. How might they determine whether the mammal is a monotreme, a marsupial, or a placental mammal?

98. 0 of 5 12345 Compare and contrast artiodactyls and perissodactyls. Give an example of a mammal in each of these two groups.

99. 0 of 5 12345 Compare and contrast New World monkeys and Old World monkeys.

100. 0 of 5 12345 Distinguish among the terms anthropoid, hominoid, and hominid.

101. 0 of 5 12345 Identify two features of the primate skeleton that are associated with bipedal locomotion, and contrast these features with their counterparts in a primate that is not bipedal.