1. Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) COM S 461 2013-Fall Instructor: Ying Cai Iowa State University 1

2. SQL: What and Why ? (1/2) Programmers Computer Instructions Result 2 Programming Language:

3. SQL: What and Why ? (2/2) DB Users DBMS (Database Server) Query Result 3 Query Language:

4. Contents Setup a Database Server on your Computer. How to define data using SQL: Data Definition Language (DDL) Create Tables/Update Tables… How to manipulate/access data using SQL: Data Manipulation Language (DML) Insert Data/Update Data/Read Data… SQL Functions 4

5. Setup Database Server (1/2) Step 1. Download (Installer/Source code available) MySQL http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ MariaDB https://downloads.mariadb.org/ Step 2. Setup & Configuration Port. Remote Access. Root User. Step 3. Connect to server. You’ll need: User/PSW, Server IP/Port. 5

6. Setup Database Server (2/2) Database Server Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 The Clinet/Server Structure 6 DB Connection

7. Programming with SQL SQL Data Definition Language 1.Create DB/Table 2.Change DB/Table 3.Delete DB/Table Data Manipulation Language 1.Add Data 2.Update Data 3.Remove Data 4. Get Data Data Control Language Access Control Authorization … 7

8. Data Definition Language 8 (Basic) Keywords of DDL: Create a new Database/Table CREATE Change the definition of an existing DB/table ALTER Delete an existing DB/table. DROP

9. Syntax of CREATE Create a new database. Create a new table 9 CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_1 INT, column_2 CHAR(10) NOT NULL, column_3 VARCHAR(256), column_4 INT DEFAULT 0, … ) ; CREATE DATABASE db_name; Data types: INT/INTEGER(size) DECIMAL(size,d) CHAR(size) VARCHAR(size) Date(yyyymmdd)

10. Syntax of CREATE Create a new database. Create a new table 10 CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_1 INT, column_2 CHAR(10) NOT NULL, column_3 VARCHAR(256), column_4 INT DEFAULT 0, … ) ; CREATE DATABASE db_name; Data types: INT/INTEGER(size) DECIMAL(size,d) CHAR(size) VARCHAR(size) Date(yyyymmdd) Colunm_1Colunm_2Colunm_3Colunm_4 (Empty)

11. Syntax of ALTER Add a column to an exiting table. Change a column of an exiting table. Delete a column from an exiting table. 11 ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name data_type; ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name new_data_type; or CHANGDE COLUMN old_name new_name data_type; or MODIFY COLUMNB column_name new_data_type; ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

12. Syntax of DROP Delete a Database Delete a Table. 12 DROP DATABASE db_name DROP TABLE table_name

13. Data Manipulation Language 13 (Basic) Keywords of DML: Read data from DB SELECT Change the value of existing items UPATE Add new items into DB INSERT Remove existing items from DB DELETE

14. Syntax of SELECT 14 Use SELET to get desired data in given format: Example 1: Get students’ Uid and name, who have GPA higher than 3.5, sorted by their GPA in descending order. SELECT column_1 column_2 … FROM table_1 table_2 … WHERE condition ORDER BY expression ASC/DESC SELECT uid, student_name FROM students WHERE gpa > 3.5 ORDER BY gpa DESC

15. Syntax of SELECT 15 Example 2: Get all information about female students who is older than 20. Example 3: Get the average speed of all cars in a table where only moving distance and time are stored. SELECT * FROM students WHERE ( 2013 – YoB ) > 20 AND gener = ‘F’ SELECT (distance/time) AS speed FROM cars WHERE time > 0

16. Syntax of SELECT 16 Select from Multiple Tables: (Multiple Table Query) The DBMS will combine the two tables to generate a new Virtual Table (Cross Join). SELECT * FROM students course UidName 001Andy 002Jack cidNameStudents 100Database001,002 101Algorithm002

17. Syntax of SELECT 17 Select from Multiple Tables: (Multiple Table Query) The DBMS will combine the two tables to generate a new Virtual Table (Cross Join). SELECT * FROM students course UidNamecidNameStudents 001Andy100Database001,002 001Andy101Algorithm002 Jack100Database001,002 002Jack101Algorithm002

18. Syntax of SELECT 18 Example 4: Show the uid and name of all students who registered for the Database course. SELECT student.uid student.name FROM students course WHERE course.name = “Database” AND student.id IN course.students

19. Syntax of SELECT 19 Example 5: We have three tables: Show the name of each course and the name of the TA assigned to this course. UidName 001Andy 002Jack CIDName 100Database 111Algorithm UidCID 001100 002111 SELECT course.name, student.name FROM students course TA WHERE Courese.Cid = TA.Cid AND Student.Uid = TA.Uid StudentCourseTA

20. Syntax of SELECT 20 Select Distinct values (No duplicates) Example 6: Show students with distinct birthday and name. SELECT DISTINCT column_1, column_2 … FROM table_1, table_2 … WHERE conditions … SELECT DISTINCT Name DoB FROM Student Course

21. Syntax of SELECT 21 Select a given number of items SELECT TOP NUMBER column_1 column_2 FROM table_1 table_2 WHERE conditions… or SELECT column_1 column_2 FROM table_1 table_2 WHERE conditions… LIMIT NUMBER

22. Syntax of SELECT 22 Example 7: Show the name of 100 students with the highest GPA. SELECT name FROM students ORDER BY gpa DESC LIMIT 100

23. Syntax of Update 23 Update the value of existing item(s). Update table_name SET column_1 = value_1 column_2 = value_2 … WHERE conditions…

24. Syntax of Insert 24 Insert new items into a table INSERT INTO table_name VALURES (value_1, value_2 … ), # row 1 (value_1, value_2 … ), # row 2 …. …

25. Syntax of Delete 25 Delete items from a table DELETE without any condition will delete all items in the table, which is forbidden by many DBMS. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE conditions…

26. SQL Functions 26 AVG() Calculate the Average of selected data column ORDER BY/LIMIT is no longer necessory. SELECT AVG( column_name| expression) AS value_name FROM table_1, table_2 … WHERE conditions …

27. SQL Functions 27 COUNT () Count the number of items selected. MAX () / MIN () Return the Maximal/Minimal value in selected data. SELECT COUNT( column_name| expression) AS value_name FROM table_1, table_2 … WHERE conditions … SELECT MAX/MIN( column_name| expression) AS value_name FROM table_1, table_2 … WHERE conditions …

28. SQL Functions 28 SUM() Calculate the sum of selected values. SELECT SUM( column_name| expression) AS value_name FROM table_1, table_2 … WHERE conditions …

29. SQL Leaning resources 29 General Introductions and Examples: W3CSchool http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ SQL reference MySQL: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/ T-SQL (Microsoft): http://technet.microsoft.com/en- us/library/ms189826(v=sql.90).aspxhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en- us/library/ms189826(v=sql.90).aspx OracleSQL: http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200 /toc.htm http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200 /toc.htm

30. Q&A 30