1. Dr. Ghadah F. AL-Saad. M.S.C, Psych. Ph.D.

2. Sigmund Freud : neurologist was the founder of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a comprehensive approach to understand the personality, and the emotional reactions of patients during stress of physical illness. Three fundamental aspects of psychoanalytic psychology: 1. A method of investigation of the mind. 2. A general theory of human behaviour. 3. A method of treatment for certain psychological disorders. The mind or psyche is perceived as having unconscious, active processes taking the form of dynamic forces or impulses seeking expression and satisfaction. The psychological processes are flows of psychological energy in the brain, establishing "psychodynamics" The psychological forces that underlie human behavior, emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivations. Dr. Ghadah F. AL-Saad. Psychoanalytic Theory 17/10/09

3. A. The adaptive point of view The human organism is born pre-adapted to external reality. The ego develops an internal regulator of behaviour and becomes the human “organ of adaptation”. B. The developmental hypothesis/genetic point view Every behaviour is a product of 2 basic interacting factors: 1. Intrinsic forces which are antecedent to the independent of experience. 2. Experiential factors which are based on learning & environmental influences. Regression/Fixation The human behavioural development is a product of a series of progression and regression. Regression: returning to an earlier immature or childlike state of feeling and thinking during stress to avoid anxiety it is a self-protective a defence mechanism. A person may have become fixated in the past, as a failure in the psychical behavioural development. Clinically important to understand neurosis and psychosis.  Basic Drives: Sexual drive Aggressive drive The Pleasure and Un-Pleasure Principles Gratification, Satisfaction, and Pain

4. Unconscious Everything in the mind outside of normal conscious awareness; processes here are irrational, and obey primary process logic, and may be revealed through dreams, a slip of the tongue, and pen or free association. It is source of emotional and traumatic conflicts of which the person is unaware and which give rise to particular symptoms in the form of personal and interpersonal problems. It expresses unacceptable sexual desires, aggressive, anxiety, shame, guilt, impulses. Preconscious Psychic material (thoughts & emotions) not occurring as deeply in the mind as conscious or unconscious material; can be experiences consciously through attention. Conscious Mental processes consisting of the ordinary stream of thoughts and emotions which are actively experienced as they occurred. These processes obey rational secondary processes. Dr. Ghadah F. AL-Saad. Psychoanalytic Theory 17/10/09

5. Id Unconscious collection of drives, urges, and wishes that continually push for complete and immediate gratification despite the constraints of reality. The primitive sexual and aggressive impulses of the id obey the pleasure principle and engage in wish fulfilment through primary process through the primary process thinking (which is irrational thoughts and demands gratification and satisfaction. Ego Self: The agency of the mind that mediates between id drives, external reality and the prohibitions of the superego, working to facilitate maximal gratification while adapting to external and internal moral standards it is complex set of functions includes reality testing trough the rational secondary process thinking. Ego regulates thoughts perceptions, logic, learning, judgment, intelligence, language, and defence mechanisms. Superego The group of psychic functioning, that represent morals standards, prohibitions, and conscious. Superego generates affects of shame and guilt. It develops through the identification or internalisation of one parental figure.

6. 1. Oral stage ( 0-18) The psychosexual phase during the first 18 months during which the mouth, lips, and tongue are the major source of sensual pleasure. The baby is completely dependent on the mother for nourishment, pleasure sensation, and secure atmosphere. People fixated at this stage are said to have the following tendencies: dependency, generosity, optimism or pessimism, depression or aggression, rejection, mistrust, insecurity, and difficulty in making commitments. 2. Anal stage (18- 3 years) The psychosexual stage occurs during the anal sphincter control when the child is aware of bowel function, the pleasure is derived from the anus. This is being achieved through the retention or defecation of faeces. The child struggles for control (freedom to produce or withhold bowel movements, he/she might be stubborn, uses frequently the word “no ”. If the family is rigid strict critical, punishing and emotionally constricted; the child becomes obsessive-compulsive person. unresolved anger and fear of both punishment and loss of the parent’s love. 3. Phallic stage ( 3 – 6 years) The psychosexual stage leads organ of pleasure the penis for the boy the clitoris for the girl, and the masturbatory stimulation. The child becomes interested in genitals. This stage leads to Oedipus complex.

7. MOTHER CHILD FATHER Oedipal stage (3-5) This triangular sexual relationships is the unconscious desire on the part of a child to have sex with the opposite sexed parent (love-parent) and at the same time the desire to get rid of the same sexed parent.  Castration anxiety for the boy: The boy suffers from anxiety because of the fear of losing his penis as punishment for the sexual desire of the mother, this fear leads him to identify with the father to avoid punishment.  Penis envy for the girl: The girl feels that she has lost her penis and as a result seek an appropriate symbolic substitute for the penis. She develops a “Genital inferiority” complex.  Latency stage (5-12) the sexual drives and conflicts are less apparent, this is the period of considerable development of the ego.  The Resolution of Oedipal stage: outcome 1. love/ hatred of one parent /Ambivalence 2. Super Ego/Ego-ideal : identification 3. Psychopathology 4. Homosexuality

8.  The first danger situation is the loss of the parent ( loss of the object) love and dependency.  The second danger situation is fear of the loss of the parent’s love/ abandonment.  The third danger situation is fear of the loss of the penis by castration in the boy and by the genital damage in the girl.  The fourth danger occurs in conjunction with the resolution of the Oedipus complex and the fear of disapproval or punishment by the superego

9. Specific unconscious mental methods used by the ego to protect against the danger of conscious awareness of repressed drives or wishes associated with real or imagined punishments of childhood. 1. Repression 2. Displacement 3. Reaction formation 4. Intellectualisation 5. Suppression 6. Sublimation 7. Denial ( psychotic) 8. Projection 9. Passive-aggressive behaviour 10. Acting-out 11. Dissociation

10.  Psychoanalytic theory of neurosis /Freud  Neurosis a mental disturbance involving abnormalities of thoughts and behaviour attitudes and emotions. Classical neurosis: Hysteria, Obsessions, and depression the symptoms are ego- dystonic. The intrapsychic conflict leads to compromise among the agencies id, ego, superego of the mind. Anytime the ego is confronted with impulses that, gratified, would lead to psychic danger, the ego signal a conflict. It allows small discharge of anxiety to initiate defences against the threatening impulse and accommodates to the pressure of the drives, superego and the external reality. If the ego’s compromise succeeded in terms of feelings and behaviour it means the person is mentally healthy and stable. If the ego’s compromise failed in terms of feelings and behaviour it means neurosis is emerged, and the person will be neurotic.

11. Freud  Ego / Superego idealisation  Narcissism / mirror stage “I am perfect: look at me” Ego-centricity, self-importance, grandiosity, selfishness, and arrogance in varying degrees

12.  Transference The unconscious displacement of feelings, attitudes, and expectations from important persons in the patient’s childhood to current relationships.  Transference Relationship: 1. Positive transference 2. Negative transference  Counter – transference: 1. Positive counter-transference 2. Negative counter-transference  Resistance: The automatic opposition to free association that is activated to protect against the emergence of awareness of inner unconscious conflicts.

13. PsychoanalysisPsychoanalytic Psychotherapy Purely classical Freudian and others. For patients who suffer chronic symptoms. Long term, intensive. 5-6 years. Intensify the transference relationship. 4-5 times a week: 50-minute. Patient on the couch. Psychodynamic schools. For patients who suffer acute symptoms. Short -term, less intense. 3 years. Minimise the transference relationship. 1-3 times a week: half an hour-1. Patient and therapist face-to-face.

14. Problems will be reduced or Use of Transference/Counter resolved through the client Transference. Interpretation attaining insight. of Resistance and Defences. Dream Interpretation. Free Association. Current problems arise Structural: Id, Libido, Ego, Superego Interpretations of Dreams, Free from unresolved unconscious Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Association, Resistance, Defences conflicts originating in early L atency, Genital. Defence Mechanisms. childhood (Oedipus Complex) Castration Anxiety. Concept of Person Origins of Problems Person’s behaviour is determined by unconscious process Formulation of the Problem Therapeutic Techniques Key Concepts Assessment Techniques

15. Thank you