1. Introduction to the Microscope
Types
Parts & functions
Focusing
Care

2. Types of Microscopes
Dissection Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Compound Light Microscopes

3. Dissection Microscope
A dissection microscope is light illuminated. The image that appears is three dimensional. It is used for dissection
to get a better look at the larger specimen. You cannot see individual cells because it has a low magnification.
(also called stereo microscope)

4. Sunflower with moth pupa in the stem
Dissection Microscope Images
Head of a moth pupa
60x
Sunflower with moth pupa in the stem
10x

5. Scanning Electron Microscope - SEM
SEM use electron illumination. The image is seen in 3-D. It has high magnification and high resolution. The
specimen is coated in gold and the electrons bounce off to give you and exterior view of the specimen. The pictures are in black and white.

6. Scanning Electron Microscope Images
pigeon blood
cockroach antenna

7. Transmission Electron Microscope - TEM
TEM is electron illuminated. This gives a 2-D view. Thin slices of specimen are obtained. The electron beams pass
through this. It has high magnification and high resolution.

8. Transmission Electron Microscope Images
bacillus bacteria
dividing
mitochondrion

9. Compound Microscope
Compound microscopes are light illuminated. The image seen with this type of microscope is two dimensional. This microscope is the most commonly used. You can view individual cells, even living ones. It has high magnification. However, it has a low resolution.

10. Compound Microscope Images
Paulownia Wood c.s. 200x
Frog’s blood
1,000x

11. Compound Light Microscope
Light Microscope -  the models found in most schools, use compound lenses to magnify objects. The lenses bend or refract light to make the object beneath them appear closer.
Common magnifications: 40x, 100x, 400x

12. How a Microscope Works Convex Lenses are
curved glass used to make microscopes
(and glasses etc.)
Convex Lenses bend
light and focus it in
one spot.

13. How a Microscope Works Ocular Lens (Magnifies Image) Objective Lens
(Gathers Light,
Magnifies
And Focuses Image
Inside Body Tube)
Body Tube
(Image Focuses)
Bending Light: The objective (bottom) convex lens magnifies and focuses (bends) the image inside the body tube and the ocular convex (top) lens of a microscope magnifies it (again).

14. Microscope Parts Ocular lens Body Tube Revolving Nosepiece Arm
Objective Lens
Stage
Stage Clips
Coarse adjustment knob
Diaphragm
Fine adjustment knob
Light
Base

15. magnifies; where you look through to see the image of your specimen.
ocular lens
Ocular lens
magnifies; where you look through to see the image of your specimen.
They are usually 10X or 15X power. 

16. supports the tube and connects it to the base
arm
supports the tube and connects it to the base
arm

17. the flat platform where you place your slides
stage
the flat platform where you place your slides
stage

18. coarse adjustment knob
moves stage (or body tube) up and down
coarse adjustment knob

19. after using the coarse adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob
small, round knob on the side of the microscope used to fine-tune the focus of your specimen
after using the coarse adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob

20. the bottom of the microscope, used for support
base
the bottom of the microscope, used for support
base

21. connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
body tube
connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
body tube

22. the part that holds two or more objective lenses
revolving nosepiece
the part that holds two or more objective lenses
and can be rotated to
easily change power
revolving nosepiece

23. Adds to the magnification
objective lenses
Adds to the magnification
Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. 
They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. 
objective lens

24. Stage clips hold the slides in place.

25. controls the amount of light going through the specimen
diaphragm
controls the amount of light going through the specimen
diaphragm

26. light
makes the specimen
easier to see
light

27. Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Objective Lens
Stage
Stage Clips
This is the microscope used in class. Students will be identifying the parts on the microscopes at their desks as we go along and what their functions are.
Coarse Focus
Diaphragm
Fine Focus
Light
Base

28. Always carry with 2 hands Only use lens paper for cleaning
The Light Microscope
Guidelines for Use
Always carry with 2 hands
Only use lens paper for cleaning
Do not force knobs
Always store covered
Always go from small to large magnification
Course adjustment first
Except on 100x mag.
Teacher demonstrates how to hold the microscope, where the lens paper is located and how to use it. Students will be invited to turn the knobs and observe the stage as it moves up and down. Teacher will demonstrate how to store the microscope.

29. Focusing Specimens
1. Always start with the scanning objective. 
Odds are, you will be able to see something on this setting. Use the Coarse Knob to focus and then the fine adjustment knob until clear, image may be small at this magnification, but you won't be able to find it on the higher powers without this first step. 
Do not use stage clips, try moving the slide around until you find something.

30. 2. Once you've focused on Scanning, switch to Low Power
2. Once you've focused on Scanning, switch to Low Power. Use the Coarse Adjustment Knob to refocus. Then use the Fine Adjustment Knob to make the image crystal clear. Again, if you haven't focused on this level, you will not be able to move to the next level. 3. Now switch to High Power. (If you have a thick slide, or a slide without a cover, do NOT use the high power objective). At this point, ONLY use the Fine Adjustment Knob to focus specimens. Recap 1. Scanning --> use coarse and fine knob 2. Low power --> use coarse and fine knob 3. High power --> use fine knob only
DO NOT SKIP STEPS!!!!

31. Your slide MUST be focused on low power before attempting this step
Click the nosepiece to the longest objective
Do NOT use the Coarse Focusing Knob, this could crack the slide or the lens
Use the Fine Focus Knob to bring the slide
Emphasize not using the coarse objective during this process, as it will crack the slides.

32. Drawing Specimens
1. Use pencil - you can erase and shade areas
2. All drawings should include clear and proper labels (and be large enough to view details). Drawings should be labeled with the specimen name and magnification.
3. Labels should be written on the outside of the circle. The circle indicates the viewing field as seen through the eyepiece, specimens should be drawn to scale - ie..if your specimen takes up the whole viewing field, make sure your drawing reflects that.

33. Magnification Most microscopes have 3 magnifications: Scanning, Low and High. Each objective will have written the magnification. In addition to this, the ocular lens (eyepiece) has a magnification. The total magnification is the ocular x objective
Magnification
Ocular Lens
Total Magnification
Scanning
Low Power
High Power

34. Practice Labeling the Parts

35. Storing your Microscope
Stage all the way down
Light turned off
Cord wrapped correctly
Covered
The smallest objective lens should be in place
Carry it by the neck and the base

36. Quiz Over the Microscope
1. When focusing a specimen, you should always start with the ___________________ objective. 2. When using the high power objective, only the ___________ knob should be used. 3. The type of microscope used in most science classes is the _________________ microscope 4. What part of the microscope can adjust the amount of light that hits the slide? ______________________________

37. 5. You should carry the microscope by the ________ and the __________
5. You should carry the microscope by the ________ and the __________. 6. The objectives are attached to what part of the microscope (it can be rotated to click the lenses into place): _______________ ________________ 7. You should always store you microscope with the ________________ objective in place. 8. A microscope has an ocular objective of 10x and a high power objective of 50x. What is this microscope's total magnification? ____________