1. Noadswood Science, 2011

2. Ethene  To understand how ethene can be used as a fuel Friday, September 18, 2015

3. Ethanol  Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks such as wine and beer  Ethanol is also useful as a fuel – for use in cars and other vehicles, it is usually mixed with petrol

4. Ethanol  Ethanol can be manufactured by reacting ethene (from cracking crude oil) with steam –phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst: - Ethene + Steam  Ethanol C 2 H 4 + H 2 O  C 2 H 5 OH  In the reaction ethanol is the only product – the process is continuous as long as ethene and steam are fed into one end of the reaction vessel, ethanol will be produced  These features make it an efficient process, but as ethene is made from crude oil, which is a non-renewable resource, it cannot be replaced once it is used up and it will run out one day

5. Ethanol & Fermentation  Ethanol can also be made via fermentation – sugar from plant material is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide…  Enzymes found in single-celled fungi (yeast) are the natural catalysts that can make this process happen (this is a renewable resource): - C 6 H 12 O 6  2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2  More than 90% of the world’s ethanol is made by fermentation

6. Ethanol Production Ethene + Steam Sugar from plant material Type of raw materialNon-renewableRenewable Type of processContinuousBatch (stop-start) LabourMinimalMany Rate of reactionFastSlow Conditions needed High temperature + pressure Warm, 1 atmosphere Purity of productPure Impure, requiring treatment Energy neededLotsMinimal

7. Fermentation  You task is to carry out an experiment using the fermentation of yeast which will convert sugar into carbon dioxide and ethanol  Do you think changing the amount of sugar used in the reaction will affect how much ethanol is used?  Write out a prediction for your experiment (what will happen to the amount of ethanol produced with different quantities of sugar)  Then produce an appropriate results table as well as drawing a sketch graph of what you predict…

8. Fermentation Amount Of Sugar Used (g) Amount Of Ethanol Produce (ml) 123Average 0 10 20 30 40 50  Results table…

9. Sketch Graph  You should find that fermentation with no sugar will produce no ethanol  As sugar is added it would be predicted more ethanol will be produced, until a maximum level is sustained where additional sugar does not result in increased levels of ethanol…  There will come a point where sugar is no longer the limiting factor, and additional quantities will not produce more ethanol (in this prediction that point is around 40g of sugar)

10. Fuels  It is possible to make fuel for vehicles using vegetable oils – biodiesel is the name given to any fuel made from vegetable oils (and they can be added to any diesel engine)  Biodiesel is made by treating vegetable oils to remove some unwanted chemical – during production other useful products form, including a solid waste material which can be used as cattle feed and glycerine (used in soap manufacture)

11. Advantages  Biodiesel is a very clean fuel – it also breaks down about five times faster than conventional crude oil diesel, advantageous if spilt  It also burns much more cleanly, making far less sulfur dioxide and other pollutants  It also has a major atmospheric advantage – as crops are used to make the fuel it is carbon neutral (all the carbon released by the fuel burning was originally absorbed by the plant from the atmosphere in the first place)  Biodiesel therefore makes little contribution to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

12. Disadvantages  Biodiesel is however not without is problems…  There are costs related to its production – machinery which harvests this biodiesel requires fuel itself, so this counts to the atmospheric cost  It also requires crops – ethical issues arise over using crops for fuel when famine is still widespread throughout the world  There is also a great amount of financial reward to producing biodiesel – areas of tropical rainforest are being cleared in huge amounts to grow this money-making crop, leaving vast areas having their natural flora and fauna destroyed forever…