1. Clinical Research Management 512 Leslie McIntosh lmcintosh@path.wustl.edu ) 314.747.7959 (office)

2. Agenda  Vocabulary  Levels of Measurement  Measures of Central Tendencies  Study design types (overview)

3. Vocabulary  Statistics  Levels of Measurement  Continuous  Discrete (aka: Categorical)  Dichotomous  Nominal  Ordinal  Measures of Central Tendencies  Mean  Median  Mode  Range  Confidence Interval  p-Value

4. Statistics  The study of inference – taking information from a small amount of data (sample) and making generalizations to a larger setting (population)  Extrapolating from a sample to a population

5. Levels of Measurement (Variable Types)  Continuous – variables that can take on any value in a given range  Discrete (aka: Categorical) – variables that have a limited number of values  Dichotomous – two values  Nominal – multiple values where order does not matter  Ordinal – multiple values where order does matter

6. Activity: Variable Types 1. What is your gender? 2. What is your age? 3. What is the highest level of education you have completed? 4. What is your own yearly income? 5. What is your total household income, including all earners in your household? 6. What is your current marital status? 7. What is your religious affiliation? 8. What is your race?

7. Measures of Central Tendencies  Mean  Sum of all numbers divided by the total numbers within the distribution  Median  Midpoint of a distribution  Mode  Most frequent number in the distribution  Range  The spread of the distribution  The smallest number to the largest number

8. Activity: Central Tendencies How much soda did you consume over the weekend? ParticipantAmountParticipantAmount

9. Study Designs  Descriptive  Analytic – hypothesis testing 1. Case reports 2. Case series 3. Ecologic (aka: correlational) 4. Cross-sectional 5. Case-control 6. Follow-up/cohort 7. Clinical trials