1. Emerging Regulations and Capacity Development Presented at the KY/TN Section AWWA Spring Seminar 2000 May 24-26 Bowling Green, KY by Mark Mazzola, USEPA

2. Emerging Regulations and Capacity Development Capacity Development Emerging Regulations What it means for you

3. A Brief History of the Safe Drinking Water Act 1974 and 1986 SDWAs focused on the development and implementation of strong regulatory programs 1996 Amendments broaden focus to include contamination and noncompliance prevention, and provide financial assistance to meet those goals. The capacity development program is an essential part of these changes.

4. Capacity Development The process of water systems improving their finances, management, infrastructure, and operations so they can provide safe drinking water consistently, reliably, and cost-effectively.

5. Capacity Development Technical Capacity  Source Water  Infrastructure  Technical Knowledge Managerial Capacity  Ownership Accountability  Staffing & Organization  Effective External Linkages Financial Capacity $ Revenue Sufficiency $ Credit Worthiness $ Fiscal Management & Controls Short & Long-term Planning

6. Capacity Development is a Process Does not refer to an end point of development Planning for short and long term needs Goal is for systems to have the capability to reliably provide safe drinking water to their customers

7. SDWA OBJECTIVE: Public Health Protection National Program State Programs Source Water Protection Treatment Transmission, Storage & Distribution Retail Delivery Technical, Financial, and Managerial Capacity TA ProvidersEngineersFinancial Assistance Governance Management Operations

8. Drinking Water Trends Small System Capacity Technology Advances Financial Complexity Changing Risks and Public Demands Rule Requirements Market Forces and Industry Trends

9. ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 IESWTR D/DBP Stage 1 Radon Filter Backwash Recycling LT1ESWTR Radionuclides Arsenic GWR LT2ESWTR D/DBP Stage 2 Period during which systems achieve compliance with rule Additional period which State may grant an individual system to achieve compliance through capital improvements Timeline for System Actions to Achieve Compliance

10. Ground Water Rule Establishes multiple barriers to protect against bacteria and viruses in ground water systems For all PWSs with GW or GWUDI sources Requirements: –Sanitary surveys conducted by the State and identification of significant deficiencies –Hydrogeologic sensitivity assessments for systems not disinfecting –Source water microbial monitoring for sensitive systems –Corrective actions as necessary –Compliance monitoring for systems that disinfect to ensure 4 log removal/inactivation

11. Radon Rule Addresses Radon problems in indoor air and drinking water to prevent lung and stomach cancer For CWSs with GW or GWUDI sources States may adopt MMM plan to allow systems to comply with AMCL of 4000 pCi/L If State does not adopt MMM plan, system must comply with MCL of 300 pCi/L or develop own MMM plan MMM Plan: –Public involvement –Quantitative goals for reducing Radon –Strategies to achieve goals –Plan for tracking and reporting results

12. Radionuclides Rule Revision of rule introduced in 1976; will address gross  radiation, Radium-226 and -228,  and photon emitters, and uranium For all CWSs and NTNCWSs Rule focus on enhanced monitoring and reporting--systems will have opportunity to comply with reduced monitoring schedule Requirements: –New MCL for uranium, separate monitoring for radium, and  /photon screening level will be changed

13. Arsenic Rule Will lower current Arsenic standard as well as clarify how compliance averages are calculated for inorganic/organic contaminants For CWSs Rule will move Arsenic into standardized monitoring framework for inorganics--NTNCWSs will be required to monitor and give public notice, but not to meet MCL MCL is currently 50 ppb--possible proposed MCL between 3-10 ppb Treatment oriented--rule lists BATs.

14. Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule Balances the risk between microbial pathogens and disinfection byproducts For all CWSs and NTNCWSs that treat with chemical disinfectants Requirements: –Sets MRDLs for Chlorine, Chloramine, and Chlorine Dioxide –Sets MCLs for THM, Haloacetic Acids, Chlorite, and Bromate –Systems with filtration must remove specific % of TOC through advanced coagulation or enhanced softening

15. Filter Backwash Rule Addresses the recycling of filter backwash with the treatment process For SW or GWUDI PWSs using conventional or direct filtration that recycle within their treatment process Requirements: –Recycling self-assessment must be performed to provide States with enough information to determine whether modifications are necessary

16. Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule Will strengthen protection against microbial risks, with special focus on Cryptosporidium For PWSs with SW or GWUDI sources serving less than 10,000. Builds upon IESWTR for systems serving 10,000 or more Requirements: –Systems must develop a disinfection profile and a disinfection benchmark to ensure there will be no compromise in microbial reduction due to the D/DBP rule. –Systems must achieve 2 log (99%) removal of Cryptosporidium –Small, unfiltered systems must include potential sources of Cryptosporidium in watershed control plan

17. What does this mean for you? Planning Efficiency Public Outreach Ultimate Goal –Enhanced public health protection!

18. Baseline Regulations TCR VOC LCR VOC Fl CCR; PN SWTR LCR TCR CCR; PN IESWTR S1 D/DBP Phase 2/5 S1 D/DBP Phase 2/5 CCR; PN Microbial Risk SWGW Chemical Risk SWGW

19. Baseline Regulations Microbial Risk Chemical Risk Future Regulations LT1SWTR Rads Radon GWR LT2SWTR FBR Arsenic Rads S2D/DBP SW GWSWGW

21. Building Water System Efficiency Goals –Control costs –Improve service –Achieve/exceed compliance levels Means –Reengineering –Form partnerships

22. Self-Assessments Customer Feedback Operational Improvements Capacity Development Process

23. Expanding Solutions Horizon Spatial Boundary Time Boundary Quick fixes Regional-level problem solving Sustainable solutions Long-term outlook

24. Solving Small System Problems: Alternative Spatial Boundaries Single System Multiple Systems County / Multi-county State wide

25. Transfer of Knowledge and Information

26. Summary The ultimate goal of the SDWA is to protect public health--this is the ultimate responsibility of water systems. Capacity development is a framework for bringing together the different aspects of system operation to provide safe, reliable drinking water. By planning ahead, developing system efficiency, and forming partnerships systems will be able to comply with the emerging regulations and therefore better protect public health.

27. For More Information Safe Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791 Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water http://www.epa.gov/safewater “Regulations and Guidance”