1. EOC Final Review

2. 1. SUGAR 2. STARCH 1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION 1. IODINE SOLUTION SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY 1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS BROWN PAPER BAG TEST AMINO ACIDS MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY BIURET’S SOLUTION NUCLEOTIDE (1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base) HOLD GENETIC INFORMATION HOLD RECIPE TO MAKE PROTEINS 1. ALL LIVING THINGS 2. DNA FINGERPRINTING INSULATION and PADDING

3. Identify the following molecules: Whatelement is in all ORGANIC molecules? CARBON What 3 parts make up a nucleotide? 1 PHOSPHATE 1 SUGAR 1 NITROGEN BASE NUCLEOTIDE NUCLEIC ACID (DNA) CARBOHYDRATE (SUGAR) CARBOHYDRATE (STARH) LIPID (Fats, Oils, Waxes) PROTEIN What a monomer? What a polymer? Building Block – subunit Ex.: 1 amino acid Monomers connected together – macromolecule (big molecule) Ex.: Protein

4. What Macromolecules Are Involved? Animals need this for warmth in cold environments Lipids for Insulation This helps rebuild muscles and tissue Proteins Codes for proteins which code for traits Nucleic Acid Used for quick short- term energy Carbohydrates Used for long-term energy storage Lipids Enzymes are this type of molecule Proteins This molecule typically ends in -OSE Carbohydrates This molecule typically ends in -ASE Proteins (enzymes) This holds the recipe for making proteins Nucleic Acid Benedicts solution is used to test Sugars Iodine solution is used to test Starches Biurets solution is used to test Proteins Grease on brown paper bag is used to test Lipids

5. PROTEINS AMINOACIDS A B C J F E D I H G ALL PROTEINS!!!!!

6. BOTH Stores ALL of the important information for the cell BOTH PLANTS ONLY BOTH Plants have 1 LARGE vacuole Animals have multiple small ones PLANTS ONLY BOTH Decides what comes in and out of cell Extra support and protection for plant cells Provides energy for the cell (ATP) Stores material Photosynthesis to make food for plant (glucose) Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis)

7. MITOCHONDRIA NUCLEUS CELL MEMBRANE RIBOSOMES CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST VACUOLE PLANT ANIMAL

8. CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST VACUOLE (large) PROKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC NO NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE- BOUND ORGANELLES (ONLY RIBOSOMES) PLASMIDS (circular DNA) SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER HAS A NUCLEUS HAS MEMBRANE- BOUND ORGANELLES LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGER DNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes) DNA FREE FLOATING IN CYTOPLASM

9. Which type of cell? Which cell has NO nucleus? Prokaryotic cells Where is the DNA located in Prokaryotic cells? Free-floating in the cytoplasm Which cell has membrane-bound organelles? Eukaryotic cells Which cell HAS a nucleus? Eukaryotic cells Which cell evolved first and is older? Prokaryotic cells Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? Which cell is younger and more complex? What is an organelle common to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Nucleus Eukaryotic cells Ribosomes What cell type are plant and animal cells? Eukaryotic cells What cell type are bacteria cells? Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

10. Name that organelle… What types of cells have vacuoles? Plant AND Animal cells This make proteins in the cell Ribosomes This is where cellular respiration takes place Mitochondria This is where photosynthesis takes place Chloroplast This is the boss of the cell – controls the processes within the cell Nucleus This stores extra food and water in the cell Vacuole These allow the cell to move Flagella and Cilia This controls what goes in and out of the cell Cell membrane This provides plants cells with structural support and protection Cell wall Which organic molecules make up the cell membrane Lipids and Proteins Cell membrane

11. Identify #1-4 What do X and Y have in common? Both are used for MOVEMENT! 1. Mitochondria 2. Central Vacuole 3. Nucleus 4. Chloroplast

12. Cell Specialization Review These cell are UNDIFFERENTIATED – they do net have a job yet. STEM cells What are the two types of stem cells? Adult and Embryonic Do all cells in a body have the same DNA? YES! Do all cells in a body have the same JOB? NO! How do cells know what type of cell to become? Some GENES are turned ON (expressed) and other genes are turned OFF. I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for SENDING MESSAGES? This is called GENE EXPRESSION NERVE cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for STETCHING and CONTRACTING? MUSCLE cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for SWIMMING? SPERM cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for bringing WATER from the roots to the leaves of plants? XYLEM cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for moving FOOD around plants? PHLOEM cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for CARRYING OXYGEN AROUND THE BODY? RED BLOOD cells

13. REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but different jobs! The only difference are the GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job! Nerve Cells Sperm Cells Red Blood Cells Muscle Cells Xylem Cells Phloem Cells I use chemical messangers called neurotransmitter to send fast messages around the body Nerve Cells

14. HIGH LOW HIGHLOW HIGHLOW PROTEIN LOWHIGH PROTEIN

15. NO YES HIGH to LOWLOW to HIGH

16. Transport Reminders: 1.ALWAYS draw you box-circle model 2.When the molecules CANNOT move it is OSMOSIS – WATER moves high to low – Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100% (inside and outside). The remaining amount is the water concentration. Move the water from the high concentration to the low concentration. 3. If water moves… – OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL – IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST

17. 100% water 0% salt 20% salt 80% water LOW (water) HIGH (water) Water will move out of the cell and it will SHRINK LOW (water) 0% salt 100% water 80% water 20% salt HIGH (water) Water will move into of the cell and it will SWELL

18. MAINTAINING BALANCE WITHIN AN ORGANISM

19. Homeostasis… What does it mean?Maintaining internal BALANCE Explain why these are examples of HOMEOSTASIS: Shivering when it’s cold out Sweating when it’s hot out Insulin released by the pancreas Water balance in an organisms Respiration

20. 90% water EQUILLIBRIUM 90% water 98% water H L SWELL SHRINK 70% water 90% water H L REMINDER: SOLUTE = substance in the water (salt, sugar, etc.)

21. Real life application of osmosis… What happens when you don’t water your plants… The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS, causing the plant to wilt and die.

22. ENZYME ENZYME- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX SUBSTRATE (reactant) PRODUCTS ACTIVE SITE

23. Enzyme Reminders: What do enzymes do? Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy What does a catalyst do? Speed up reaction ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS!!! What does denatured mean? Shapes changes – STOPS working How can you denature an enzyme? Temperature & pH Substrate/Reactant Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex Product 1 Product 2

24. PROTEINS THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is changed). pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP WORKING.

25. 3 ACID BASE9 OPTIMAL pH Scale: Acidic = 0-6 (lots of H+) Basic = 8-14 (little H+) Neutral = 7 (water)

26. SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) + WATER (H 2 O)  OXYGEN (O 2 ) + GLUCOSE (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) CHLOROPLAST CO 2 O2O2 Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Water H 2 O SUN (energy) Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Oxygen O 2

27. OXYGEN (O 2 ) + GLUCOSE (C 6 H 12 O 6 )  36 ATP + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) + WATER (H 2 O) MITOCHONDRIA Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Water H 2 O ATP (energy) Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Oxygen O 2

28. AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATP ANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP IN ANIMAL MUSCLE IN YEAST AND BACTERIA Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL

29. SUN going IN WATER going IN OXYGEN being RELEASED PHOTOSYNTHESIS

30. CTGGCT SUGAR

31. CUG Leu- Ala- 3 mRNA letters (nitrogen bases) GCU

32. Transcribe the following: DNA  mRNAATC GTA CCT GGA mRNA  DNAUAG GGU CCA UAC UAGCAUGGACCU ATCCCAGGTATG

33. DNA & Protein Synthesis What is the base pairing rules in DNA Replication? Where in the cell does Replication take place? What is the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA Replication? What part of the Cell Cycle is DNA Replicated in? A – T and G - C Nucleus Interphase Weak bond holding the DNA double helix together between A – T and G - C

34. Where does TRANSCRIPTION take place? Where does TRANSLATION take place? NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM and RIBOSOME

35. mRNA Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosome tRNA Amino Acid CODON Polypeptide Chain will start to form Anticodon TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

36. RIBOSE A, G, C, U A, G, C, T DEOXYRIBOSE 1 (single helix)2 (double helix) NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASMNUCLEUS DELIVERS GENETIC MESSAGES TO MAKE PROTEINS HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO CODE FOR PROTEINS PEPTIDE BONDS

37. TRANSCRIPTONTRANSLATION PROTEINS STORES GENETIC INFORMATION FOR LIFE TRANSPORT DNA MESSAGE FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME READ mRNA MESSAGE (anticodon) AND BRING CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN BODY (health, repair, communication, digestion, speed up reactions) NUCLEUS mRNA CYTOPLASMRIBOSOME tRNA AMINO ACID PROTEIN TRUE EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL.

38. Mutations Point Mutations – SUBSTITUTION – One amino acid changed AT MOST Frameshift Mutations INSERTION or DELETION – Amino acid sequence is changed from point of mutation Completely different protein formed!! REMEMBER: DNA  RNA  PROTEIN

39. ASEXUAL SEXUAL 2N = DIPLOID N = HAPLOID 1 2 24 50 chromosomes25 chromosomes BEFORE CELL DIVISIONBEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION NO YES

40. Name the Process… What is Process A? What is Process B? Meiosis Fertilization Mitosis Fertilization Meiosis What is the HAPLOID number in humans? Crossing Over Non-Disjunction Diploid  Haploid Meiosis Diploid  DiploidMitosis What are gamete cells in a human? Sex cells – egg & sperm What are somatic cells in a human? Body cells – ex.: skin Which process makes somatic cells? Mitosis Which process makes gamete cells? Meiosis 23 (1 set of chromosomes) What is the DIPLOID number in humans? 46 (2 set of chromosomes) What is the DIPLOID symbol? 2n What is the HAPLOID symbol? n

41. Which Type of Reproduction ASEXUAL (Mitosis) SEXUAL (Meiosis) This process creates IDENTICAL offspring ASEXUAL This process creates GENETIC VARIATION offspring SEXUAL ASEXUAL (Binary Fission) ASEXUAL (Budding) ASEXUAL (Fregmentation)

42. MITOSIS MEIOSIS BOTH! MITOSIS GROWTH REPAIR REPLACING DEAD OR WORN OUT CELLS

43. INTERPHASE PROPHASE (first) METAPHASE (middle) ANAPHASE (away) TELOPHASE (2 new cells) Interphase= DNA Replication Prophase = chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down; spindle fibers appear C Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell B E Anaphase = chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers Telophase= nucleus reforms; cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells A D MEIOSIS GAMETE (egg) GAMETE (sperm) FERTILIZATIONZYGOTE (1 st diploid cell) MITOSIS EMBRYO ADULT

44. Phenotype = Tall Genotype = _____ _____ ______ Phenotype = _________ _________ TT Tttt TALL SHORT 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 1:2:1 3:1 1. Nutrition and health 2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat, survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off.

45. Phenotypes: RED, WHITE, PINK Genotypes: RR= RED RR’= PINK R’R’= WHITE Parents: ______ x _______RR R’R’ R R R’ R R R R Genotype = _____ _____ ______ Phenotype = ______ _______ _______ RR RR’ R’R’ RED PINKWHITE 0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%)0 (0%) 100% PINK FLOWERS 100% RR’

46. Parents: ______ x _______ Genotype = _____ _____ ______ Phenotype = ______ _______ _______ RRRR’R’R’ REDPINKWHITE RR’ R R’ RR R RR 1 (25%)2 (50%)1 (25%) 2 (50%)1 (25%) 25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE 25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’

47. Phenotypes:Black Black-and-Tan Tan Genotypes:BB = Black BT = Black + Tan TT = Tan Parents: _______ x _______BBTT BB T T B B B BTT T T Genotype = _____ _____ ______ Phenotype = _____ _____ ______ BB BT TT Black Black+Tan Tan 0 (0%) 4 (100%) 100% Black-and-Tan offspring 100% BT BB x TT

48. XY XX Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome Phenotype:Healthy, carrier, Hemophilia (sick) Genotype: X R X R = healthy female X R X r = carrier female X r X r = sick female X R Y = healthy male X r Y = sick male Parents: ______ x ______XRXrXRXr XRYXRY XRXR XrXr XRXR Y XRXR XRXR XrXr XrXr XRXR XRXR YY H C S Male Female 01 1 1 1 0 25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son) 0% chance of daughter with hemophilia 25% chance of daughter being a carrier Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t

49. Phenotype:Type A, B, AB, or O Genotype: Type A: AA or Ao Type B: BB or Bo Type AB: AB Type O: oo What we know: Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Dad: Type B (BB or Bo) Baby: Type O (oo) oo A B o oParents: _____ x _____Ao Bo ABB Ao o Genotype: ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Phenotype: _______ _______ _______ _______ AAAoBBBo ABoo 0 (0%)1 (25%)0 (0%)1 (25%) Type AType BType ABType O 1 (25%) 25% change of child with Type O 0% change of child with homozygous Type A 25% change of child with Type AB

50. Phenotype:Type A, B, AB, or O Genotype: Type A: AA or Ao Type B: BB or Bo Type AB: AB Type O: oo What we know: Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Baby: Type O (oo) Dad: 1. Type AB (AB) 2. Type A (AA or Ao) 3. Type O (oo) Narrowing it down: If the child is blood Type O, then both parents have to give an ‘o’ allele. This leaves means Mom has to be heterozygous Type A (Ao). Dad 3 could be the father because he is Type O (oo) and can give an ‘o’ allele. Dad 2 could be the father only if he is heterozygous Type A (Ao), because he must have an ‘o’ allele to give. Dad 1 could NOT be the father because he is blood Type AB (AB). He does not have an ‘o’ allele to give, so he cannot be the father of a child with Type O (oo) blood.

51. SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR MULTIPLE ALLELES HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT ALL OF THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE SAME GENE. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE ALLELES ARE BLOOD TYPES (A, B, O). POLYGENIC TRAITS HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE DIFFERNT GENES. THIS CREATES A VERY WIDE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES. EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC TRAITS ARE HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, AND SKIN COLOR.

52. Autosomal = because there are an equal number of males and females affected. Recessive = because1) trait skips generations and 2) affected child has unaffected parents AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE aa Aa A_ Aa A_ aa Aa

53. Pedigree Reminders If you don’t have it you can’t give it! – Healthy parents with sick child

54. FEMALE - XX DOWN SYNDROME – 3 chromosomes on #21 NON-DISJUNCTION – chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

55. Karyotype What is the GENOTYPE of a healthy MALE? XY What is the GENOTYPE of a healthy FEMALE? XX What is the GENOTYPE of KLINEFLTERS Syndrome? XXY What is the GENOTYPE of TURNER’S Syndrome? X_ or X0 What is the GENOTYPE of DOWN Syndrome? 3 on 21 What is the GENOTYPE of HEMAPHODITISM? XXXY Down Syndrome Healthy Male Healthy Female Turners (female) Klinefelters (male)

56. Read the Karyotype Down Symndrome (male) Healthy Female Klinefelters (male) Turners (female) Healthy Male

57. AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF HUMAN GENOME (all DNA) AND IDENTIFY THE GENES IT CONTAINS. THE PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE, IDENTICAL OFFSPRING USING BIOTECHNOLOGY.

58. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS A & C – 4 out of 6 strands in common 2 in common with A 4 in common with A

59. GENETIC ENGINEERING THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS CUT OUT USING RESTRICTION ENZYMES. THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS THEN GLUED INTO A BACTERIAL PLASMID (circuluar DNA) USING THE ENZYME LIGASE. THE PLASMID (now recombinant DNA with the bacterial host and desired gene) IS INSERTED BACK INTO THE BACTERIAL HOST. THE BACTERIAL WILL NOW PRODUCE COPIES OF THE DESIRED GENE EVERY TIME IT DIVIDES (using binary fission). So, the insulin gene is reproduced every time the bacteria divides.

60. How is this technology used? …To create oil eating bacteria to help clean up oil spills …To create frost resistant plants so they can grow into the winter …To create pest resistant plants (like Bt corn) to prevent insects from destroying crops …To create faster growing organisms, like salmon, to get full-sized organisms faster …To create treatments for genetic diseases, like Type I Diabetes (makes INSULIN!!!) REMEMBER: purpose is to change the DNA code of bacteria. This alters DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis of the NEW DNA code DNA  RNA  PROTEIN

61. FOSSILS ARE USED TO COMPARE AGE AND FEATURES TO HELP DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY COMPARING DNA, AMINO ACIDS, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCES TO DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY. FEWER DIFFERENCE MEANS A CLOSER COMMON ANCESTOR. VARIATION IS NECESSARY FOR EVOLUTION. THERE MUST BE DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGANISMS IN ORDER FOR THERE TO BE COMPETITION. COMPETITION CREATES NATURAL SELECTION – THOSE WITH THE MOST FAVORABLE TRAITS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE.

62. GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION CREATES A PHYSICAL DIVIDE BETWEEN ORGANISMS. NATURAL PHYSICAL BARRIERS INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, LAKES, RIVERS, OCEANS AND ISLANDS. THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION MEANS THE ENVIRONMENTS ARE DIFFERENT. THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WILL SELECT DIFFERENT TRAITS AS BEING BETTER FIT FOR THE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT. SO, OVER TIME THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ORGANISMS WILL DIFFER IN APPEARANCE BASED UPON THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN. THE SPECIES ARE ALSO NO LONGER MATING, DUE TO THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION. OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME THE SPECIES ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING. THIS CREATE A NEW SPECIES – SPECIATION. THE ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN EVOLUTION. THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS AND ADAPTATION ARE BENEFITIAL TO AN ORGANISM. THE ORGANISM WITH THE DESIRABLE TRAITS SURVIVE AND PASS ON THEIR GENES.

63. Evolution of Cells Quick Check What are the main differences between AUTOTROPHS and HETEROTROPHS? What are the main differences between PROKARYOTICand EUKARYOTIC cells? What are the main differences between AEROBIC andANAEROBIC respiration? What gas was lacking from Early Earth’s atmosphere? Make food Find and Collect food SimpleComplex Aerobic: Uses OXYGEN Anaerobic: does NOT use OXYGEN OXYGEN

64. EVOLUTION OF CELLS… No OXYGEN, which means NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which means organisms found food and did NOT make it Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells SUN, WATER & CARBON DIOXIDE available on early earth – the organisms use these to begin doing PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthetic Prokaryotic Cells PHOTOSYNTHESIS creates OXYGEN – this allows heterotrophic organisms to make MORE ATP than with no Oxygen… Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryote (mitochondria) & Photosynthetic Prokaryote (chloroplast) form a partnership… (EndosymbioticTheory) Eukaryotic Cells

65. ABIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS BIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS REDI PASTEUR

66. Miller and Urey performed The experiment to the left. Describe their experiment. What organic molecules formed? Created a lab experiment to mimic the atmosphere of early earth Amino Acids

67. VARIATION (Differences among members of the species) Most with SHORTER necks Occasionally some with LONGER necks COMPETITION (More organisms than resources. Must compete for food, shelter and mates) LONGER neck = easier time getting food Food = survival LONG NECK = BETTER TRAIT LONG Neck giraffes more successful in obtaining food and mates LONG neck gene is passed on because it is the more successful trait Future generations look more and more like the successful traits – LONG NECK giraffes NATURAL SELECTION (Those with the best traits and adaptations for the environment are able to survive and reproduce.)

68. Isolation Leads to a new species… Geographic Isolation can physically separate organisms, but they need to stop reproducing to create new organisms. The different environments can create different cultures among the organisms. Let’s say an island was created, creating geographic isolation between a species of fruit flies. The island support different fruit than the mainland (mangos vs. bananas) This difference in fruit led to difference food preferences for the fruit flies on the mainland vs. the island. Let’s say the fruit flies mate by hanging out near their fruit of preference. Over time the island flies would mate near bananas and the mainland flies would mate near mangos. The mainland flies and island flies would stop mating because of the mating culture around their preferred food. Gene flow (sharing genes) between the two groups of fruit flies would stop, until their genes were so different they could no longer reproduce together. Thus, forming a NEW SPECIES of fruit flies. GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

69. Mechanisms of Evolution Quick Check What is a species? What does Geographic isolation lead to? What is Geographic isolation? The ocean – different Islands Beak shape changed, due to the different food sources on each island The finches were physically separated The environments were different This means the best adaptations differed by island Over time the populations began to look like the best adapted. Mate and have fertile offspring Physically divides species Species can no longer mate – creates new species

70. Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance

71. Just to make sure… ORGANISMS DO NOT CHOOSE SUCCESSFUL TRAITS!!!! THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS BENEFIT THE ORGANISM FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN!

72. KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES USED FOR SCIENTIFIC NAMING: Genus species

73. SCIENTIFIC NAMING USED UNDERSTOOD BY ALL SCIENTIST ACROSS THE WORLD. TO NAME: GENUS = FIRST NAME (capitalize first letter) SPECIES = LAST NAME (all lowercase) EXAMPLE: Homo sapien GENUSSPECIES COMMON NAME =HUMAN

74. Biochemical Evidence: comparing the DNA, Amino Acids and Proteins of organisms The FEWER the differences, the closer the COMMON ANCESTOR Embryology Evidence: comparing the development of an embryo of different organisms The FEWER the differences in development, the closer the COMMON ANCESTOR

75. Evidence for Evolution Quick Check How are fossils used as evidence for evolution? What is the difference between relative and absolute dating? Which organism in the diagram is the OLDEST? Why? What the the difference between Homologous Structure and Vestigial Structures? Comparing location found and anatomical features Relative = comparative age Absolute = exact age L – deepest level Homologous = same structure, different function Vestigial = structures with no current function in organism

76. What is embryology? How is embryology used as evidence for evolution What is biochemical evidence? AMINO ACID HUMANS AND CHIMPANZEES Most AMINO ACIDS IN COMMON HORSE – MOST AMINO ACIDS IN COMMON Comparing embryo development for similarities Similarities in development links to common ancestry Compare: DNA, Amino Acid, Protein Fewer differences = closer common ancestor

77. Birds & Crocodiles, Lizards & Snakes, Salamanders & Frogs Lungfish Lizards, snakes, crocodiles & birds

78. NO YES Free-floating in cytoplasm DNA in nucleus Smaller, older, simpler Larger, younger, complex

79. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic SINGLE BOTHMULTI Asexual Sexual BOTH Hetero- Auto-Hetero- Anaerobic Aerobic Mixed Cell Wall NO Cell Wall

80. Protists Fungi & Animal Plant Animal Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals Protists& Plants Fungi Fungi, Plants, Animals Protista Fungi

81. EAGLE JOCANA COMMORANT KINGFISHER Dichotomous Quick Check

82. GEOSPIZA PLATYSPIZA CERTHIDEA CAMARHYNCHUS

83. Cladograms Quick Check MOUSE and CHIMP Salamander, Lizard, Pigeon, Mouse, Chimp Pigeon Hagfish

84. Phylogenic Trees Quick Review A D, E and F They are the closest together on the same branch

85. PASSIVE ACTIVE Get from mother through Breastfeeding Do NOT need to come into contact with antigen to build antibodies Must come into contact with antigen/pathogen to start immune response to build antibodies Body remembers and stores antibodies for use if it come into contact with same antigen in the future Vaccines help build Active Immunity Vaccines give a person the inactive form of a virus. The body reacts by kicking off immune response and releasing antibodies to fight the antigen in the vaccine The body remembers and stores the antibodies made These antibodies are used if the person comes into contact with the active form of the virus And fight it off faster

87. C (Conditioning) B (Habituation) A (Habituation) F (Instinct) G (Phototaxis) F (Instinct) D (Imprinting)

88. LOGISTICEXPONENTIAL YES NOYES NO POPULATIONCOMMUNITYECOSYSTEM

89. Blossoms, Nuts, Oak Bark, Leaves Bees, Deer, Mice, Rabbit, Insects Bear, Wolf, Red Fox, Toad, Bird Bear, Skunk, Red Fox, Wolf Increase Population: Bark, Leaves, Blossoms Decrease Population: Toads, Birds, Skunk, Red Fox

90. OAK RABBIT WOLF BEAR OAK BEAR Energy DECREASES as it moves UP the food pyramid GAINS 10% energy to next level – LOSES 90% energy to next level SUN DECOMPOSERS – eat dead and decaying matter. They return nutrients to the ecosystem OAK ENERGY LOST AS HEAT!!!!!

91. Technological advances in medicine, nutrition and sanitation Increased pollution Increased Habitat destruction Only natural way to remove CO2 (photosynthesis!!) Oxygen level decreases CO2 increases Harms plants and aquatic ecosystems Increased acidity level of water No natural predators Uncontrolled population growth Take over resources and harm native populations Pesticide and toxin use Toxins build as they move up the food chain Harms top consumers the most CFC chemical eating away at the ozone layer Allows harms radiation from the sun to enter our layer of the atmosphere

92. Kudzu Native to Japan and brought to the US to help stabilize hillsides and minimize erosion NO natural predators Grow up to 1 foot per day! Bermese Pythons: Bought as pets and released into the everglades NO natural predators Eating the small animals Lion Fish Bought over as pet by people in FL and released into wild NO natural predators Venemous, fast reproducing, aggressive fish Eat almost ANYTHING Dutch Elm Disease Fungus that spread to North America on crates made of Elm Wood Spreads by insects or root-to-root Kills the trees

93. Breathing (respiration), burning fossil fuels Autotrophs through PHOTOSYNTHESIS Human Overpopulation OZONE WARMING

94. Plants What is Vascular Tissue? Stem tissue – Xylem & Phloem What type is more evolutionarily advanced – Vascular or Non-Vascular plants? Vascular: 1)attract organisms with leaves, seeds, fruit, flowers 2)have stems (vascular tissue) to move water/food around plant NO YES NO YES NO YES NO REMEMBER: ANGI likes apples GYMI likes pinecones