1. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government C H A P T E R 1 Principles of Government

2. 123 Go To Section: 1.Those with divine right were generally of royal birth & then succeeded by their children. Which part of the cartoon illustrates this concept. 2.Those who believe in divine right also believe the people should obey the king as they would obey God. How does the position of the king illustrate this idea. 3.Is the author in favor/against this idea? How do you know? 4.Making Comparisons- What is the difference between a dictator & a king? Explain how the cartoonist illustrates your idea.

3. 123 Go To Section: What Is Government? Do Not WRITE Chapter 1 Section 1 2222 3333 Govt is the institution through which a society makes & enforces its public policies.

4. 123 Go To Section: The Purpose of Govt A. Govts are needed to maintain order by making & enforcing laws. B.provide essential services for people, such as promoting public health & safety. C.protect people from attack by other states & from internal threats such as terrorism. D. pass laws that shape & control the nation’s economy. (Do Not Write Do you think our govt has too much or too little control over the economy? )

5. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 1 2222 3333 The State (Do Not Write) 4 characteristics of a state:

6. 123 Go To Section: The Purpose of Government (Do Not Write) The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States: “ We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” Chapter 1, Section 1 2222 3333

7. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111 Classifying Governments (Do Not Write) Governments can be classified by 3 different standards: (1) Who can participate in the governing process. (2) The geographic distribution of the governmental power within the state. (3) The relationship between the legislative (lawmaking) and the executive (law-executing) branches of the government.

8. 123 Go To Section: 1. In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the people. 2. ( A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is translated into law directly by the people themselves. 3. In an indirect democracy, a small group of persons, chosen by the people to act as their representatives, expresses the popular will.) 4. In a democracy the people are sovereign. They are the only source for any and all of the government’s power. In other words, the people rule. Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111 Democracy

9. 123 Go To Section: Dictatorship (Do Not Write) 1. A dictatorship exists where those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. 2. An autocracy is a government in which a single person holds unlimited political power. 3. An oligarchy is a government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self- appointed elite.

10. 123 Go To Section: Do Not Write 1. Most present day dictatorships are not controlled by a single person or by a small group as may appear to be the case. Many religious leaders, industrialists, and others may compete for power. (Ex. Iran) 2. Dictatorships often present the outward appearance of control by the people. The people often vote in popular elections, but the vote is closely controlled, and ballots usually contain the candidates of one political party. (Ex. Venezuela and Iraq under Saddam) 3. A legislative body often exists but only to rubber-stamp the policies of the dictatorship.

11. 123 Go To Section: Classification by Geographic Distribution of Power Unitary Govt has all powers held by a single, central agency. Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111 Confederate Govt an alliance of independent states. Federal Govt powers are divided between a central govt & several local govts. authority superior to both the central & local govts makes this division of power on a geographic basis.

12. 123 Go To Section: Constitutions & Government A. A constitution is a plan that provides the rules for govt. B.(Whether written or unwritten, a constitution organizes the structure of government and the way it operates. C. Constitutions set out the goals and purposes of government as well as the ideals shared by the people.) D. Constitutions provide the supreme law for states and their governments

13. 123 Go To Section: Presidential Executive and legislative branches of the govt. are separate, independent of one another, and COEQUAL. Chief executive is chosen independently from the legislative body. (Ex. Democratic legislative & Republican president) Parliamentary 1. Executive is made up of the prime minister of the governing party 2. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party 3. PM selects a cabinet w/ their approval 4. Legislative branch selects executive 5. MOST popular form of govt. in world (Ex. Tony Blair G.B./Harry Reid U.S.) Classification by the Relationship Between Legislative & Executive Branches (Do Not Write)

14. 123 Go To Section: Classification by the Relationship Between Legislative and Executive Branches Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111

15. 123 Go To Section: Forms of Government Chapter 1, Section 2 3333 1111

16. 123 Go To Section: A. Govt works to secure an equal opportunity for people to develop their own abilities. B.Govt is based on majority rule through the people’s elected rep, but respects the rights of minorities. C.Govt is based on free & open elections in which every citizen has the right to vote. D. Political parties choose candidates for office. Characteristics of Democracy

17. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 3 2222 1111 Foundations (Do Not Write) The American concept of democracy rests on these 5 basic notions: (1)A recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person; at various times the welfare of the few is subjected to the welfare of the many and vice versa. (Ex. Draft, paying taxes) (2) A respect for the equality of all persons; does not mean everything is equal. People must have equal opportunity and equality before the law. (Ex. Sports)

18. 123 Go To Section: Foundations (Do Not Write) (3) A faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights; unchecked a majority would destroy its opposition and destroy the democracy. (Ex. Illegal immigration) (4) An acceptance of the necessity of compromise; the essential component of a democracy. Two reasons ● democracy puts individual first & makes everyone equal ● there will always be more than 1 side to an issue (5) An insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual freedom. Does not and cannot insist of complete freedom of individual; anarchy would ensue. “The rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened” JFK

19. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 1, Section 3 2222 1111 Democracy & Free Enterprise 1.free enterprise system is an economic system characterized by private/corporate ownership (investments that are determined by private decision rather than by state control.) (Ex. Wal Mart v/s Kmart) 2.Decisions determined by the law of supply & demand. (Ex. Oil) 3.When private enterprise exists in combination w/ govt regulation & promotion is called a mixed economy. (Ex. The U.S. economy)

20. 123 Go To Section: Capitalism 1.Capitalism developed from the economic & political changes in Europe. 2.The U.S. has a mixed market economy, incorporating both free enterprise & govt regulation. 3.(Do Not Write) ► top to bottom the govt. regulates through anti-trust laws, pure food and drug laws, anti-pollution standards, building codes, and city/county zoning ordinances. ► govt. also promotes a healthy economy; grants for education, transportation, scientific research, growing of food crops, public schools, postal system, national weather service, and a national currency 4.A major philosophical difference between republican / democrats concerns the amount of govt. involvement.

21. 123 Go To Section: Socialism & Communism 1.Socialism- govt owns basic means of production, use of resources, distributes products, wages, & provides basic services. 2.Socialist governments have taken power in several countries; however, critics argue that this economic system fails to solve most economic problems. 3.Communism - govt makes all economic decisions; owns land, resources, industry, banks, & transportation system; & mass communication. 4.government ownership of all means of production and distribution; when all property was held in common, there would be no need for government.

22. 123 Go To Section: Democracy and the Internet (Do Not Write) Chapter 1, Section 3 2222 1111 1.Democracy demands that the people be widely informed about their government. 2.Theoretically, the Internet makes knowledgeable participation in democratic process easier than ever before. 3.However, all data on the World Wide Web is not necessarily true, and the long-term effects of the Internet on democracy has yet to be determined.

23. 123 Go To Section: CM 1.3

24. 123 Go To Section: Maintain social order Provide public services Provide national security Make economic decisions Individual liberty Majority rule with minority rights Free elections Competing political parties Unitary System- National or central government holds all key powers Federal System- Power is divided between the national government and state or provincial governments Capitalism- Emphasis on freedom of choice and individual incentive Socialism- Government owns means of production, decides how to use resources, and distributes wealth equally among people Communism- No social classes; all property is held in common; government is unnecessary

25. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government C H A P T E R 2 Origins of American Government

26. 123 Go To Section: 1)the people of the United States 2)the people of the United States from the time of the Constitution onwards 3)Possible answer: Those words are symbolic; they emphasize the role the citizens in government

27. 123 Go To Section: PC 2.1

28. 123 Go To Section: Colonists brought w/ them 3 main concepts: 1.need for ordered social system. 2.limited govt. 3.representative govt. Chapter 2, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555

29. 123 Go To Section: Important English Documents The way our government works today can be traced to important documents in history: Chapter 2, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555

30. 123 Go To Section: Growing Colonial Unity Early Attempts In 1643, several New England settlements formed the New England Confederation. A confederation is a joining of several groups for a common purpose. The Albany Plan In 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union, in which an annual congress of delegates (representatives) from each of the 13 colonies would be formed. Chapter 2, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555 The Stamp Act Congress In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York. These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances against British policies and sent it to the king.

31. 123 Go To Section: American Independence On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions instead of charters. Chapter 2, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555

32. 123 Go To Section: 1. The Declaration had 3 parts: a statement of purpose, including a description of basic human rights; a list of specific complaints against King George III; & a statement of colonists’ determination to separate from G. Britain. 2. By the end of 1776, 10 states had written constitutions, which were based on the consent of the governed, limited govt, & the protection of individual rights. Independence

33. 123 Go To Section: The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation established “a firm league of friendship” among the States. Chapter 2, Section 3 Powers Congress had power to declare war, deal w/ national finance issues, & settle state disputes. Obligations States promised to obey Congress, respect the laws of other States. Most powers resided w/ states. 2222 4444 1111 5555

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35. 123 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Chapter 2, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 5555

36. 123 Go To Section: Framers of the Constitution Chapter 2, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555

37. 123 Go To Section: A. Delegates had great practical experience in politics, govt & included many signers / Dec. of Ind. / Art. of Conf. I.The Convention Begins B.held meetings in secret, deciding each state would have 1 vote, decisions made by majority vote, quorum of 7 states was required for all meetings. C.Gave up revising the Art. Of Conf. & drafted a new plan of govt about which they shared many ideas.

38. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 2, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555 Different Constitutional Plans The Virginia Plan 3 branches of govt Bicameral leg. “National Executive” & “National Judiciary” The New Jersey Plan Unicameral Cong. Equal repr./ States of different sizes More than 1 federal executive

39. 123 Go To Section: 1.Connecticut Compromise, which proposed a leg. branch with 2 parts: a House of Rep. w/ state repres based on pop., & a Sen. with 2 members from each state, regardless of size. large states advantage in the House & protected smaller states in Senate. Decisions & Compromises

40. 123 Go To Section: Constitutional Compromises 3/5 th Compromise count a slave as 3/5 of a person in determining pop. of a State. Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise Congress could not tax exported goods, & could not act on slavery for 20 years. Chapter 2, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555

41. 123 Go To Section: 1.Anti-Federalists (opposed) believed the Constitution was done in secret & had no power to replace the Articles. Believed Constitution took important powers away from the states & Bill of Rights. 2. Federalists promised a Bill of Rights, & the small states learned more about the Connecticut Compromise, the battle over ratification was finally won. Ratifying the Constitution

42. 123 Go To Section:

43. 123 CM 2-4

44. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government C H A P T E R 3 The Constitution

45. 123 Go To Section: 1)the judicial branch 2) the president 3) the legislative branch

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47. 123 Articles of the Constitution Chapter 3, Section 1 2222 3333

48. 123 Go To Section: Six Basic Principles Chapter 3, Section 1 2222 3333 The principle of popular sovereignty asserts that the people are the source of any and all government power, and government can exist only with the consent of the governed. The principle of limited government states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away. Separation of powers is the principle in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government are three independent and coequal branches of government.

49. 123 Go To Section: Six Basic Principles Checks and balances is the system that allows the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to check, or restrain, the actions of one another. The principle of judicial review consists of the power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action. Federalism is a system of government in which the powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. Chapter 3, Section 1 2222 3333

50. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 3, Section 2 3333 1111 Formal Amendment Process 4 different ways by which amendments may be added to the Constitution are shown here:

51. 123 Go To Section: Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights sets forth many of our basic freedoms. Chapter 3, Section 2 3333 1111

52. 123 Go To Section: Informal Amendment Processes informal amendment process can take place by: (1) passage of basic legislation by Cong.; (2) actions taken by Pres.; (3) key decisions S. Court; (4) activities of political parties; & (5) custom. Informal amendment - changes made in the Const. & no changes in its written word. Chapter 3, Section 3 2222 1111

53. 123 Go To Section: Executive Action & Court Decisions Chapter 3, Section 3 2222 1111 Executive Action # of important informal amendments, such as the use of the military. Executive agreement is a pact made by the Pres. directly with the head of a foreign state. Court Decisions Nation’s courts interpret & apply the Cons. in many cases they hear. (most importantly the U.S. S. Court)

54. 123 Go To Section: CM 3-1

55. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government C H A P T E R 4 Federalism

56. 123 Go To Section: Since 1954, the Pledge of Allegiance has featured the words “under God.” In 2000, a parent in California objected to his daughter having to listen to that phrase in a public school, and so he began a lawsuit to forbid its use that eventually reached the Supreme Court. The parent, an atheist, said that the oath violated his child’s religious liberty. The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals agreed with him, outlawing the Pledge in nine Western states. However, in 2004 the Supreme Court overturned the verdict on a technicality, saying the parent, who was not married to the child’s mother, had no right to bring the case. Three justices wrote that the court should have ruled that the oath was constitutional because it is ceremonial and patriotic, not religious. Challenging the Oath

57. 123 Go To Section:

58. 123 1) CA, NE, TX, & NC: no cancellation; WI: after 4 years 2) Wisconsin3) the Constitution

59. 123 Go To Section: Why did the Framers of the Constitution establish a federal system of government? They wanted to preserve some state power but increase the power of the national government. I.Federalism and Public Policy

60. 123 Go To Section: Education is one of the most important government services in the United States. Under the federal system, state and local governments share responsibility for public schools. School districts in cities and towns operate the schools. In each school district, voters elect the board of education to supervise the schools, and most pay property taxes to fund them.

61. 123 Go To Section: The Framers were dedicated to the concept of limited government. They were convinced Why Federalism? (Do Not Write) (1) govt power poses a threat to individual liberty, (2) that therefore govt power must be restrained, (3) that to divide govt power, as federalism does, is to curb it & so prevent its abuse. Chapter 4, Section 1 2222 3333

62. 123 Go To Section: Federalism Defined (Do Not Write) Federalism divides the powers of govt on a between a central (national) govt & regional govts, usually called states or provinces. Chapter 4, Section 1 2222 3333 Const. provides for a division of powers, assigning certain powers to the Nat. Govt & some to States.

63. 123 Go To Section: Powers of the National Govt Chapter 4, Section 1 2222 3333 The National Government is a government of delegated powers, meaning that it only has those powers delegated (granted) to it in the Constitution. There are three types of delegated powers: Expressed powers are those found directly within the Cons. Implied powers are not stated, but are reasonably suggested. Inherent powers because it is the govt of a sovereign state within the world community. (ex. Immigration)

64. 123 Go To Section: Powers Denied to the Nat. Govt Chapter 4, Section 1 2222 3333 1. Powers, such as prohibit the freedom of religion, speech, press, or assembly. 2. because the Const. is silent on the issue. 3. because the federal system does not intend the Nat. Govt to carry out those functions.

65. 123 Go To Section: The Exclusive and Concurrent Powers (Do Not Write) Exclusive Powers Powers that can be exercised by the Nat. Govt alone are exclusive powers. Examples of the exclusive powers are the National Government’s power to coin money, to make treaties with foreign states, and to lay duties (taxes) on imports. Concurrent Powers Concurrent powers are those powers that both the Nat. Govt & the States share. Some of the concurrent powers include the power to levy & collect taxes, to define crimes & set punishments for them, & to claim private property for public use. Chapter 4, Section 1 2222 3333

66. 123 Go To Section: The Division of Powers Chapter 4, Section 1 2222 3333

67. 123 Go To Section: The Supreme Law of the Land The Supremacy Clause in the Constitution establishes the Constitution and United States laws as the “supreme Law of the Land.” Chapter 4, Section 1 2222 3333

68. 123 Go To Section: The Major Disaster Process Chapter 4, Section 2 3333 1111

69. 123 Go To Section: Cooperative Federalism (Do Not Write) Chapter 4, Section 2 3333 1111 Federal Grants-in-Aid Grants-in-aid programs are grants of federal money or other resources to the States and/or their cities, counties, and other local units. Revenue Sharing Revenue sharing, used between 1972 and 1987, gave an annual share of federal tax revenues to the States and their local governments. Even though the basis of federalism is the division of powers between levels of government, there is still much cooperation between them.

70. 123 Go To Section: Federal Grants (Do Not Write) Chapter 4, Section 2 3333 1111 Categorical Grants Categorical grants are made for some specific, closely defined purpose, such as school lunch programs or the construction of airports or water treatment plants. There are usually conditions, or “strings,” attached to regulate the use of these funds. Project Grants Project grants are provided to States, localities, and sometimes private agencies that apply for them. They are used for a variety of purposes ranging from medical research to job training and employment programs. Block Grants Block grants are portions of money allocated to States to use for broader purposes, such as health care, social services, or welfare. Block grants often are granted with fewer strings attached. Congress appropriates money for three types of grants-in-aid:

71. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 4, Section 3 2222 1111 Full Faith and Credit recognize the laws, documents, & court proceedings of other States. 2 exceptions to the clause: (1) enforce another State’s criminal laws. (2) not be given to certain divorces granted.

72. 123 Go To Section: Privileges and Immunities (Do Not Write) The Privileges and Immunities Clause provides that no State can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents and those persons who happen to live in other States. States cannot, for example, pay lower welfare benefits to newly arrived residents than it does to its long-term residents, Saens v. Roe, 1999. However, States can draw reasonable distinctions between its own residents and those of other space, such as charging out-of-State residents higher tuition for State universities than in-State residents. Chapter 4, Section 3 2222 1111

73. 123 Go To Section: Section Assessment- Identify “full faith and credit,” “privileges and immunities.” Checking for Understanding “Full faith and credit” is the clause in the Constitution that requires each state to recognize the laws and legal proceedings of the other states. “Privileges and immunities” is the clause in the Constitution that requires states to provide citizens of another state the same privileges and immunities it provides its own citizens.

74. 123 Go To Section: