1. Muhammad Azhar Chishti
Lipid Metabolism By
Muhammad Azhar Chishti

2. Universityof Toronto Canada
Dr. M. Azhar Chishti
Universityof Toronto Canada

3. LIPIDS
Lipids are heterogeneous groups of relatively water insoluble molecules related to fatty acids.
They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as Benzene, Ether, Chloroform and acetone.
They are insoluble and mostly in the form of
A: Compartmentalized of membrane associated lipid (adipocyte)
B. Plasma: Associated with protein-- Lipoprotein

4. LIPIDS Function of Lipid: Major source of energy ( 1gms = 9Kcal)
Hydrophobic barrier (cell membranes)
Fat soluble vitamins – coenzymes, regulatory function
PG & steroid hormones are regulatory role in body homeostasis
Imbalance lead to diseases like Obesity and atherosclerosis.

5. Classification of lipids
A: Simple lipids such as fats and waxes
B: Compound lipids such as phospholipids, Glycolipids, Lipolipids
C: Derived lipids are after hydrolysis associated lipids
are formed mainly from an alcohol and FA combined by an ester linkage.
Fatty Acid Hydrophobic CH3(CH2)n:COO-- Hydrophilic
Hydrocarbon chain Carboxyl group (COOH)
Digestion:
An adult ingest gms of lipid/day
90% is triacylglycerol (called triglyceride)
10% is cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and free FA.

7. Digestion start in stomach
Catalyzed by acid stable lipase (lingual lipase) back of tougue
Short chain TG molecules (less than 12 corbons as milk fat) hydrolyzed
These TG molecules also hydrolyzed by gastric lipase
Acid lipase play major role in lipid digestion to provide energy to neonates
Lingual and gastric acid lipases mainly hydrolyzed TG molecules in patients of cystic fibrosis with no pancreatic lipase.

8. Emulsification of dietary lipid
This process occurred in duodenum
Emulsification increase the surface area of hydrophobic lipid so digestive enzymes can work at interface of lipid and surrounding by water solution.
Emulsification is by 2 complimentary mechanisms as
A: Detergents properties of bile salts. These are made in liver and store in gall bladder and release to duodenum by bile duct.
B: Mechanical mixing by peristalsis.
These emulsifying agents stabilize the lipid particles as they become smaller and prevent then to more coalescing or uniting together.
Bile salt are glycocholic acid that is cholic acid and glycine.

10. Degradation by pancreatic enzymes
A: Triacylglycerol degradation:
TG molecule is too long cannot taken up by mucosal and intestinal villi.
Pancreatic lipase and estrase remove 2 fatty acid at 1,3 and make 2 monoacylglycerol.
malabsorption in severe pancreatic deficiency as in cystic fibrosis.
colipase
B: Cholesteryl ester degradation:
Dietary cholesterol is present in free form with 10-15% esterified form.
It is hydrolyzed by pancreatic cholesterol hydrolase (cholesterol estrase)
End product is cholesterol + fatty acids.
Activity greatly increased in the presence of bile salts.

11. C: Phospholipid deradation:
Pancreatic juice is rich in procolipase is activated by trypsin and required bile salts for optimal activity.
Procolipase remove one FA of phospholipid result in lysophospholipid.
phosphotidylcholine procolipase--- lysophosphotidylcholine.
lysophosphotidylcholine—lysophospholipase—glycerylphosphoryl base
Excreated in feces, further degraded or absorbed.

12. D: Control of Lipid digestion:
Pancreatic secretion is controlled by hormone Chlolecystokinin (CCK) when lipids enter in small intestine by mucosa of jejunium and duodenium.
CCK acts on gall bladder and exocrine cells of pancreas to release enzymes
CCK also decreases gastric motility to slow release of gastric contents.
Secretin release for small intestine in response to low pH of chyme entering in intestine.
Secretin causes the pancreas and the liver to release watery solution rich in carbonate that neutralize pH for digestive activity of pancreatic enzymes.

14. Absorption of Lipid:
Dietary degraded products of lipid mix with bile salts and form mixed micelles
Mixed micelle are disk shape clusters of amphipathic lipid with hydrophobic group inside and yhdrophilic group outside of cluster.
They are soluble in instertinal lumen and absorb through the brush boders membranes of enterocyte
These membranes is sepreted from the liquid contents in intestinal lumen by unstirred water layer.
Hydrophilic surface assist in transport of hydrophobic lipid by unstirred water layer of brush boders and absorbed.
Short or medium chain FA do’t need micelle.
Dietary therapy for individual with malabsorption.

16. Resynthesis of TG and Cholesteryl esters :
Mixture of absorbed lipid by enterocyte move to ER for biosynthesis of complex lipid.
FA FAacyl-CoA synthase FA acyl CoA
2-monoacylglycerol mono&di acyltransferase Triacylglycerol
Lysophosphlipid acyltransferase Phospholipid
Cholesterol ACAT Cholesterol ester
Long chain FA undergo these process
Short chain FA release into portal circulation and carried to liver by serum albumin.

17. Secretion of Lipids from Entrocytes as Chylomicron

18. Malabsorption of lipid :
Malabsorption result in increase lipid in feces called steatorrhea.
Soluble vitamins (A, D, E,K ) and essential FA
Cystic fibrosis causing poor digestion
Shortened bowl leasd decrease absorption.

19. Secretion of lipid :
Newly synthesized TG and cholesteryl esters are very hydrophobic and deposit in watery environment.
These need to packed as lipid droplet covered by a layer composed of phospholipid, unesterfied cholesterol and protein.
This layer stabilize the droplet and help in absorption and prevent clustering.
Milky colour of lymph.
The lymph is called Cyle and these particles called cylomicron.
These move into lacteals (LV of villi) then Lamphatics system to thoracis ducts and finally enter into blood.

20. Use of dietary lipid to tissues:
TG contained in chylomicrons is broken down in capilleries of skeletal muscles and adipose tissues of heart, liver, kidneys.
TG is broken down into FA and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase.
This enzyme is synthesize by adipocyte and muscle cells and secreted in lumen of capilleries of pheripheral blood vessels.
Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency (ARD) lead into massive chylomicronemia.

21. Fate of free Fatty acids:
FFA from hydrolysis enter in muscle call or adipocyte otherwise transported to blood with serum albumin until taken up by cells.
Most cells oxidize FA to produce energy.
Adepocyte also reesterify FFA to produce TG molecules and stored until body needed.
2. Fate of Glycerol:

22. Chylomicron Metabolism