3. Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

4. Spontaneous emission of radiation when the nucleus of an atom breaks down to form a different element.

5. LOW ENERGY HIGH ENERGY V I B G Y O R

6. Non-ionizing Radiation: Transfers energy causing vibrations, electron excitation, and heat Parts of the spectrum: radio, microwaves, infrared, and visible Ionizing Radiation: High energy that ejects electrons and transforms molecules into reactive unstable fragments Parts of the spectrum: UV, X-ray, Gamma Ray

8. Where have you encountered radio waves? Radio waves have the longest wavelength, smallest frequency, and ___ lowest ___ energy.

9. Where have you encountered microwaves? Microwave radiation is used to cause particles in your food to vibrate. If particles are moving faster, what does that mean for their temperature? It increases! Microwaves have long wavelengths, low frequency, and _____ low _______ energy.

10. Where have you encountered infrared radiation? Some infrared radiation is given off from the ____ sun _____, which feels warm on the skin. Infrared radiation has a long-medium wavelength, medium-low frequency, and __ medium-low ____ energy.

11. Where have you encountered visible radiation? This light given off by the sun is the energy provided for ___ photosynthesis ____. Visible light has a medium wavelength, medium frequency, and __ medium ____ energy.

12. Where have you encountered UV radiation? UV radiation is beneficial for the body to get Vitamin D, however overexposure kills healthy cells and leads to skin cancer. The ___ ozone ____ layer filters this radiation from the sun. UV radiation has medium-short wavelength, medium-high frequency, and _____ medium-high _____ energy.

13. Where have you encountered X-ray radiation? X-rays can pass through skin/muscle but are absorbed by the bone. Why should you limit the number of x-rays you get in a year? X-rays have a short wavelength, high frequency, and __ high ____ energy.

14. Where have you encountered gamma rays? Gamma rays can be emitted when an atomic bomb goes off. These rays are destructive to human cells and forms of them are used in cancer treatment. Gamma rays are emitted when ______ radioactive ________ elements decay. Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and the ___ highest ___ energy.

15. gamma raymicrowave visibleultraviolet radiox-ray infraredultravioletvisible blue colorred coloryellow color

16. The constant level of radioactivity always present around us Caused by: Cosmic rays Naturally occurring uranium Radon in the air Radioactive isotopes in food and environment What is your radiation exposure? National Average: 500 mrem Background Average: 360 mrem

18. Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus (protons and neutrons) BUT chemical reactions involve the transfer and sharing of electrons

19. After element 83 (Bismuth) the elements are naturally unstable and may emit decay particles After element 83 (Bismuth) the elements are naturally unstable and may emit decay particles The bigger the atom gets and the further from a 1:1 ratio of protons and neutrons, the less stable the atom is

20. Decay Type SymbolCharge Reaction Particle Strength Can be stopped by… Alpha Beta Gamma

22. The superscript indicates the mass number and the subscript indicates the atomic number. C 12 6 X A Z Mass Number Atomic Number Element Symbol

23. 1.Write the nuclear symbol for the element that is given. 2.Draw an arrow. 3.Identify the type of particle that has decayed and write it after the arrow. 4.Balance the mass number (top) and the atomic number (bottom). 5.Identify the new element.

24. Loss of an alpha particle 4 2 He 4 2 α 239 Pu  94 235 U  92

25. Loss of a beta particle 0 e 0 β 42 K  19

26. Loss of a gamma particle Does it effect the outcome of the reaction? Alpha and gamma decay of: 0 0 γ 239 Pu  94

28. Time required for half a sample to decay The stability of the isotope is what determines the rate of decay. Less Stable = faster decay

29. After each half-life, half of the sample decays. Start = 100% 40 blue particles are present 1 half-life = 50% 20 blue remain 2 half-lives = 25% 10 blue remain 3 half-lives = 12.5% 5 blue remain 4 half-lives = 6.25% 2.5 blue remain Amount never becomes zero!!

30. After 10 half-lives sample considered nonradioactive because it approaches the level of background radiation. Because the amount never reaches zero, radioactive waste disposal and storage causes problems. Would you want radioactive waste stored in your community? How can we get rid of nuclear radioactive waste?

31. Example 1: The half-life of mercury-195 is 31 hours. If you start with a sample of 5.00 g of the sample, how much of it will still be left after 93 hours?

32. Example 2: How many half lives have passed if there is only 1.875 g left of a 30 g sample? If the half life for this sample is 1 hour, how many total hours have gone by?

34. Sun is powered by nuclear reactions Electricity from nuclear power plants Medical: x-rays, cancer treatment, radioactive tracers Industrial: Sterilize equipment, sterilize (irradiate) food, x- rays of metal equipment (scan for cracks in airplanes) Military

35. Exposure to radiation can cause cell mutations and illness. Four factors that affect exposure: Dose (strength of radiation) Exposure time Area exposed Tissue exposed

37. Two light atoms combine to form a heavier atom of higher energy This reaction powers the sun!

38. One heavy atom breaks down into two or more smaller atoms and produces energy This becomes a chain reaction (as one atom splits and hits more, and those split and hit more) Supercritical: creates a great release of energy - atomic bomb

39. Particles reacting must have critical mass: The minimum amount of mass needed for the neutron to hit and react with No critical mass = no reaction Fission reactions can also be controlled to contain the energy.

40. Controlled Fission: used for nuclear power Controlled Diagram: