1. MOTION ANALYSIS BY DR. AJAY KUMAR READER SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDU.

2. KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS A kinesiological analysis of a motor skill consist of breaking the skill into its constituent elements, of determining the nature of each movement and identifying the appropriate mechanical and anatomical principles.

3. POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND What joints are involved What are their exact movement in motion Are any joint used their full range What muscles are responsible for joint action What are the nature of contraction of each muscle Do any of the muscle group exert maximal or near maximal effort

4. POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND (cont) What anatomical and mechanical principles contribute for maximal efficiency and accuracy (their identification, their faults and their correction) What principles are directly related to avoidance of injuries

5. Mechanical Analysis The mechanical analysis of an activity involves the identification of laws and principles which help to explain the most appropriate form for the execution of the activity and to identify the mechanical reason for success or failure.

6. Biomechanical Analysis Biomechanical analysis is the process of identifying both the internal as well as external forces coming into play during the performance and the effect produced by these forces on that performance.

7. WHY MAKE ANALYSIS As an aid to effective teaching Provide instructor a sound background for presenting a motor skill It provide instructor an X-Ray eye to diagnose fault and difficulty It make instructor more aware of types on injuries which may occur

8. Methods of Analysis Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

9. Methods of Analysis Qualitative Analysis : The performance is evaluated subjectively on the basis of direct visual observation. Quantitative Analysis : The performance is first recorded using photography, cinematography, electromyography or some other technique and then evaluated objectively on the basis of measurements.

10. Characteristics of Qualitative Analysis Used by Phy Edu. Teachers, coaches, athletes, spectators etc. Based on a simple Visual observation of the result. It is a systematic evaluation not only results but also all the various factors which have contributed. Use of Video Feedback method is now a days more popular. It is subjective in nature

11. Characteristics of Quantitative Analysis Used extensively by researchers occasionally by coaches and rarely by physical edu. Teachers. Used for searching new techniques Used for searching new equipments Used for enhancing the performance Expensive equipments are required Highly trained people are required

12. Characteristics of Quantitative Analysis (Cont) More time are required for this type of analysis Generally conducted at the highest level of competition It is basically objective in nature

13. Basic Steps in Qualitative Analysis Step 1 : Development of a model (or block diagram) showing the relationship between the results and the factors that produce that results RESULTS FACTORS WHICH PRODUCES RESULTS

14. Basic Steps in Qualitative Analysis (cont) Step 2 : Observation of the performance and identification of faults. Step 3 : Evaluation of the relative importance of these faults Step 4 : Instructions to the performer in accord with the conclusion reached in the course of the analysis

15. STEPS OF ANALYSIS Name of the skill Brief description of the skill The specific objective of the motor skill Identification of major and secondary categories

16. STEPS OF ANALYSIS (cont) The objectives of analysis i.e. mechanical, anatomical or both Identification of principles Application of principles in motor skills

17. Analysis of Walking Name of the skill: Walking

18. Description of Skill Walking is a reflex action. No conscious control is required. If attention is focused on any part of the gait tension is likely to develop and rhythem is lost Walking is performed by alternating action of two lower extremities.

19. Description of Skill (cont) It is an example of translatory motion of the body as a whole which is brought about by means of the angular motion of some of its part. It is also an example of a periodic or pendular like motion in which the moving segment may be said to start at zero, pass through its arc of motion and fall to zero again.

20. Description of Skill (cont) In walking each lower extremities undergoes two phase; the swinging phase and the supporting phase. The supporting phase is further divided into a restraining phase (from the moment the foot touches the ground until it is directly under the center of the body)

21. Description of Skill (cont) The next phase of supporting phase is propulsion phase (from the moment when the foot is under the center of gravity until it leaves the ground).

22. Objective of Motor Skill To produce a efficient linear motion of the body as a whole by using proper functioning of the reflexes, normal flexibility of the joints and optimum use of the muscular force and optimum stability of the body as a whole in the weight bearing phase of the motion.

23. Identification of Categories Primary Category: Giving impetus to one’s own body. Secondary Category: Supported by ground and locomotion on foot.

24. Objective of Analysis Mechanical Analysis

25. Identification of Principles Both part of law of inertia Law of action and reaction Law of lever Newton’s second law Law of stability Law of Friction

26. Application of Mechanical Principles Principle 1: A body at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force. Since walking is produces by a pendular like motion of the lower extremities the inertia of the body must be overcome at every step.

27. Application of Mechanical Principles (cont) Principle 2: A body in motion will continue in motion unless acted upon by a force. Since motion is imparted to the trunk by the backward thrust of the leg, the trunk has a tendency to continue moving forward even beyond the base of support. A brief restraining action of the forward leg serve as a check on the momentum of the trunk.

28. Application of Mechanical Principles (cont) Principle 3: Force applied diagonally consist of two components, horizontal and vertical. The vertical component in walking serves to counteract the downward pull of the gravity. The horizontal component serves (1) in the restraining phase to check the forward motion and (2) in the propulsion phase to produce it.

29. Principles (cont) Principle 4 : Translatory motion of a lever is achieved by the repeated alternate motion of two rotatory motion. The lever turning first about one end and then the other end. In walking, the lower extremity alternates between rotating about the foot point of contact with the ground and the hip joint.

30. Principles (cont) Principle 5: the speed of the gait is directly related to the magnitude of the pushing force to the direction of its application. This force is provided by the extensor muscles of the hip, knee and ankle joint, and the direction of application is determined by the slant of the lower extremity when the force is being applied.

31. Principles (cont) Principle 6: The economy of the gait is related to its timing with reference to the length of the limbs. The most economical gait is one which is so timed as to permit pendular motion of the lower extremities.

32. Principles (cont) Principle 7 : Walking has been described as an alternating loss and recovery of balance. This indicates that a new base of support must be established at every step.

33. Principles (cont) Principle 8 : As propulsion of the body is brought about by the diagonal push of the foot against the supporting surface, the efficiency of the locomotion depends on the counter pressure and friction provided by the supporting surface.

34. Principles (cont) Principle 9 : Stability of the body is directly related to the size of base of support. In walking the lateral distance between the feet is a factor in maintaining balance. –Too narrow a lateral distance between the feet decrease the balance –Too wide a lateral distance between the feet increase stability but cause the body sway side to side –The optimum position of the feet appears perfect when the inner borders of foot falls along a single straight line