1. CSC 336 Data Communications and Networking Lecture 7d: Interconnecting LAN Dr. Cheer-Sun Yang Spring 2001

3. Interconnecting LANs Layer 1 connection – repeaters Layer 2 connection - bridges

5. Repeaters Layer 1 connections Used to expand physical length of a cable when it exceeds the distance limit and attenuation can occur.

7. Bridges Ability to expand beyond single LAN Provide interconnection to other LANs/WANs Use Bridge or router Bridge is simpler –Connects similar but different types of LANs –Identical protocols for physical and link layers –Minimal processing Router more general purpose –Interconnect various LANs and WANs –see later

9. Why Bridge? Eliminate unnecessary traffic Different department cannot access information in another LAN Security

10. Functions of a Bridge Read all frames transmitted on one LAN and accept those address to any station on the other LAN Using MAC protocol for second LAN, retransmit each frame Do the same the other way round

11. Bridging Similar Types of LANs Read all frames transmitted on one LAN and accept those address to any station on the other LAN Using MAC protocol for second LAN, retransmit each frame Do the same the other way round

12. Bridge Operation

13. Bridge Design Aspects No modification to content or format of frame No encapsulation Exact bitwise copy of frame Minimal buffering to meet peak demand Contains routing and address intelligence –Must be able to tell which frames to pass –May be more than one bridge to cross May connect more than two LANs Bridging is transparent to stations –Appears to all stations on multiple LANs as if they are on one single LAN

14. Connection of Two LANs

15. Bridge Different Types of LANs If one LAN has higher bit rates, a bridge must buffer data frames If collision occurs when forwarding a data frame: a bridge must handle binary exponential backoff, if it is Ethernet If it is Token Ring (a contension free protocol), a bridge must wait for a token to arrive If one LAN supports priority, the bridge must assign a default priority. If maximum frame size is different in two LANs, the bridge must fragment the data frame.

17. Types of Bridges Fixed Routing Bridge: using a fixed routing table to Transparent bridge: Spanning tree algoroithm Source routing bridges

18. Bridge Operations How does a bridge know when to forward and when to throw away data frames? How does a bridge know where to forward a data frame to? What if a host moves?

19. Bridge Types Fixed Routing Bridge: using a fixed routing table to determine “next hop” destination Transparent bridge: the routing decision is transparent to a host. –spanning tree algoroithm is used to find the “next hop” Source routing bridges: the source decides the path to the destination

20. Fixed Route Bridges Fixed Routing Bridge: using a fixed routing table to determine “next hop” destination How does a routing table look like? Try “netstat -rn” on taz.cs.wcupa.edu

24. Transparent Bridges Complex large LANs need alternative routes –Load balancing –Fault tolerance Bridge(NOT the source) must decide whether to forward frame Bridge must decide which LAN to forward frame on Routing selected for each source-destination pair of LANs –Done in configuration –Usually least hop route –Only changed when topology changes

25. Route Learning

26. Flooding Sends every frame to every LAN to which it is connected except the one on which the frame arrived. WATER!!!

27. Frame Propagation Problem

28. Spanning Tree Algorithm Address learning works for tree layout –i.e. no closed loops For any connected graph there is a spanning tree that maintains connectivity but contains no closed loops Each bridge assigned unique identifier Exchange between bridges to establish spanning tree

29. Loop of Bridges

30. Spanning Tree Bridge automatically develops routing table Automatically update in response to changes Frame forwarding Address learning Loop resolution

31. Frame Forwarding Maintain forwarding database for each port –List station addresses reached through each port For a frame arriving on port X: –Search forwarding database to see if MAC address is listed for any port except X –If address not found, forward to all ports except X –If address listed for port Y, check port Y for blocking or forwarding state Blocking prevents port from receiving or transmitting –If not blocked, transmit frame through port Y

32. Address Learning Can preload forwarding database Can be learned When frame arrives at port X, it has come form the LAN attached to port X Use the source address to update forwarding database for port X to include that address Timer on each entry in database Each time frame arrives, source address checked against forwarding database

33. Spanning Tree Algorithm A cost is assigned to each bridge-to-LAN connection, or bridge-port. Derive a graph representation of the network (Figure 6.32). Find the spanning tree which covers every node without any loop. The last step determines a designated bridge for each LAN. This is the bridge that eventually forwards frames from that LAN.

34. L3

35. Generate a Graph Associate a cost with each bridge-to-LAN connection, or bridge port. The cost of sending a frame from one LAN to another is the sum of costs of bridge ports. For example, the cost of sending a frame from L1 to L4 via bridges B1 and B2 is 6. Visualize the network as a graph. Use Spanning Tree Algorithm to determine a set of edges that connect all the LAN nodes of Figure 6.32.

37. Spanning Tree Use Spanning Tree Algorithm to determine a set of edges that connect all the LAN nodes of Figure 6.32. –Elect one of their own to be a root bridge. It is the one with the lowest ID –Determine a root port –Determine a designated bridge for each LAN

39. Root Bridge Election During the process, the cost to the root bridge is also determined. Every bridge records the cost to the root bridge through each of its ports, and then selects the cheapest one. Figure 6.33 shows the root port (designated by an arrow) and paths to the root bridge.

40. cost=6 cost=8 cost =3 cost=6 cost=2

41. Designated Bridge Election L1’s designated bridge is B1 L2’s designated bridge is B1 L3’s designated bridge is B3 L4 can use B2, B4, ir B6 as its designated bridge

42. I gave up I gave up!! I am the designated node for L4.

43. Final Results L1’s designated bridge is B1 L2’s designated bridge is B1 L3’s designated bridge is B3 L4 ‘s designated bridge is B2. Every LAN is connected to its designated bridge and every bridge can communicate with the root bridge via its root port. (There is an error in Fig. 6.35: the cost from B1 to L2 is 2.)

44. Source Routing Bridges Although source routing bridges can be used with any type of LAN segment, they are used primarily for the interconnection of token ring LAN segments. The spanning tree bridges perform the routing in a way that is transparent to the end stations. Conversely, with source routing, the end stations perform the routing function. The necessary information must be included in a frame.

45. Source Route Bridges

47. All-Routes Broadcast

48. Comparison of LAN Bridges See Table 6.8

49. Reading Chapter 6: 6.5 HW#4: Chapter 6 problem 18, problem 21