1. Creating User Interfaces [Catch up presentations]. Language. Localization. Homework: Work on teaching projects. Post comments on source for localization, language

2. Localization Create web site for use in several specific 'local' places. Create multiple web sites, each for use in specific place. –in an efficient, effective manner so any underlying common content does not need to be duplicated (and commonality diluted). Develop tools (networking s/w, standards, etc.) that promote Web as "global, interoperable tool of communication" –www.w3c.org

3. International / Global / ? So-called localization more than just language –Alphabets –Idiom Other issues –Dates –Layout (flow on page) –money –Cultural issues ?? –More?

4. Class exercise What is the word in that language for –Spanish Latin America, Spain, USA, … –Portuguese –Chinese (Mandarin? Hainese?) –Korean –Japanese –Hebrew –Russian –French –Arabic (Classical, today) What is the direction of text? What is the format for dates? Time? Money? Relevant cultural issues?

5. Example There can be differences: Aymara example concerning time Spanish double negative –Double positive?

6. Globalization techniques (globalisation) Separate content from formatting and programming (behavior) –Content: separate text checklists

7. Bits and bytes How many different patterns can be held in a bit string –4 bits long –7 –8 –16

8. Character code Note: European languages plus several other 'small' alphabets easily handled. We/I (typical monolingual American) can't hardly appreciate the challenge: –two Chinese (kanji) character sets: modern (China) and traditional (Taiwan + most of the Chinese diaspora) –'ruby': symbols 'over' ideographs

9. http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars.html#code character repertoire: A set of distinct characters. character code: A mapping, often presented in tabular form, which defines a one-to-one correspondence between characters in a character repertoire and a set of nonnegative integers.

10. Characters, more character encoding: A method (algorithm) for presenting characters in digital form by mapping sequences of code numbers of characters into sequences of octets. In the simplest case, each character is mapped to an integer in the range 0 - 255 according to a character code and these are used as such as octets. Naturally, this only works for character repertoires with at most 256 characters. For larger sets, more complicated encodings are needed. Encodings have names, which can be registered.

11. charset Using the terms just defined, the charset attribute in an HTML meta tag means encoding

12. Language Attribute of html tag MAY be used by browsers (spell-check, hyphenation, speech synthesizers), search engines, other tools. See two-letter codes: http://www.w3c.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.ht m

13. … more A glyph is a presentation of a particular shape which a character may have when rendered or displayed. –speak of same glyph in italic, bold, etc. A repertoire of glyphs comprises a font. In a more technical sense, as the implementation of a font, a font is a numbered set of glyphs. The numbers correspond to code positions of the characters (presented by the glyphs). Thus, a font in that sense is character code dependent. An expression like "Unicode font" refers to such issues and does not imply that the font contains glyphs for all Unicode characters.

14. Examples ASCII is a character repertoire, code and encoding. Note: confusion about 7 vs 8 bit ASCII ISO Latin 1 alias ISO 8859-1 standard defines a repertoire, code and encoding of which ASCII is a subset. ISO 8859 is a family of many encodings, indicated by the –n. ISO 8859-5 handles Cyrillic.

15. Unicode … provides a unique number for every character, no matter what the platform, no matter what the program, no matter what the language. This is the goal.

16. Unicode, continued The Unicode Standard has been adopted by such industry leaders as Apple, HP, IBM, JustSystem, Microsoft, Oracle, SAP, Sun, Sybase, Unisys and many others. Unicode is required by modern standards such as XML, Java, ECMAScript (JavaScript), LDAP, CORBA 3.0, WML, etc., and is the official way to implement ISO/IEC 10646. It is supported in many operating systems, all modern browsers, and many other products. The emergence of the Unicode Standard, and the availability of tools supporting it, are among the most significant recent global software technology trends.

17. Note Unicode goal is universal coverage… Unicode is product of a consortium of 'mostly US companies'. Some controversy in its treatment of things –Combining certain kanji characters

18. Unicode consortium Go to http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/WhatIs Unicode.html Examine the Translations on the left. See what language characters do not appear on your computer. –Select one and –Go to Display Problems and see if you can fix it.

19. Techniques One web site / screen provide options to go to different pages –use symbols/icons that are meaningful to audience tricky. Flags may not be appropriate. –use images containing text in the specific language –risky choice: hope that computer/platform/browser has character encoding and font to display language –poor choice: use English word for other language and/or require English –Other?

20. Class Exercise Go to these sites to see what they do? –http://www.lionbridge.com/http://www.lionbridge.com/ –http://wikipedia.orghttp://wikipedia.org –http://cnn.comhttp://cnn.com –http://google.comhttp://google.com –Pick one (a site that would claim to have a global appeal)

21. Refrain: Accessibility Many organizations (including SUNY) require websites, other applications to be accessible to people with disabilities. There also can be situational blindness, other situations, in which attention/awareness helps a wider set of people. Note: complex situation example: ramps for wheelchairs versus curbs for the blind. Can you come up with a computer interface example? How to make websites be accessible for differently-abled in different places/languages?

22. Special requirements How to help visually impaired people understand mathematics? One approach (Murphy, et al, at Dublin City University): use a mixture of non- speech (e.g., rising and falling tones), modified speech, and binaural spatialization: http://www.usablenet.com/http://www.usablenet.com/ http://mcg.computing.dcu.ie/amexamples

23. Discussion What would be other approachs? How would these types of techniques apply to something else?

24. Something to explore Speech synthesis (Text to speech) and Speech recognition I have not studied this: http://zenorocha.github.io/voice- elements/?utm_source=html5weekly&utm_ medium=email

25. Segue to privacy European countries (may be European Union) have stricter rules about privacy, such as maintaining data on people

26. Business model … for many products involves using information for marketing For Facebook, Google, etc. "we are not the consumer; we are the product." –My source: Jeffrey Rosen, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/magazine /who-do-online-advertisers-think-you- are.html?pagewanted=all http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/02/magazine /who-do-online-advertisers-think-you- are.html?pagewanted=all –Alternate: if you aren't paying for it, you are the product. –What is your reaction?

27. Homework Find unique source on (one of) –techniques & checklists for localization/globalization –Unicode, –interactions with geolocation, –exact purpose for lang attribute, other html, similar things in meta tags –privacy issue (especially differences in different places) –Speech reco / speech synthesis package Write summary of what the site is/does; your assessment, and include working link. Keep working on teaching project