1. Event-Condition-Action Rule Languages over Semistructured Data George Papamarkos

2. 13/10/20062 Outline What Event-Condition-Action (ECA) Rules are and what we can do with them? ECA Rules for XML ECA Langugage System Architecture Performance ECA Rules for RDF ECA Langugage System Architecture Performance

3. 13/10/20063 What is an ECA Rule? An Event-Condition-Action rule performs actions in response to events, given that a stated condition holds An event in a database system can be the insertion of a new tuple The condition can be a query The action may be a relational table update This behaviour is called reactive functionality

4. 13/10/20064 What is an ECA Rule? An ECA rule has the general syntax: on event if condition do action The event part specifies when the rule is triggered The condition part determines if the data are in a particular state, in which case the rule fires The action part describes the actions to be performed if the rule fires.

5. 13/10/20065 Advantages of using ECA Rules Allow applications reactive functionality to be defined and managed within a single rule base rather than being encoded in the programs Use of a high-level declarative syntax and are thus amenable to analysis and optimisation techniques that cannot be applied if the functionality was encoded in the programming code

6. 13/10/20066 Outline What Event-Condition-Action (ECA) Rules are and what we can do with them? ECA Rules for XML ECA Language System Architecture Performance ECA Rules for RDF ECA Langugage System Architecture Performance

7. 13/10/20067 ECA Rules for XML - Outline Design issues of an ECA language for XML The XTL Language Implementing an XTL rules processing system Performance Study

8. 13/10/20068 Design issues of an ECA language for XML Comparing with relational triggers the following are the most important XML-specific issues on designing an ECA language for XML Event Granularity: Specifying the granularity of where data has be modified is more complex and requires path expressions Action Granularity: Action may affect an entire sub- document meaning that: An action can trigger a different set of events The analysis of which events are triggered by an action cannot be based on syntax alone

9. 13/10/20069 The XTL Language The general syntax of XTL rules is: on event if condition do action Fragments of XPath and XQuery are used to specify the event, condition and action parts of XTL rules. XPath is used for selecting and matching fragments of XML XQuery is used withing actions where it is needed to construct a new XML fragment

10. 13/10/200610 The XTL Language Event Part Syntax: (INSERT | DELETE) e where e is an XPath expression evaluating to a set of nodes. A rule is triggered if this set of nodes includes any node in the XML fragment inserted or deleted The system-defined variable $delta contains this set of nodes and is available for use in condition and action part of the rule

11. 13/10/200611 The XTL Language Condition Part The condition part is either the constant TRUE or one or more XPath expressions connected by the boolean connectives and, or, not. Each of these expressions is evaluated on the data to tell whether the condition is TRUE or FALSE

12. 13/10/200612 The XTL Language Action Part: The action part is a sequece of one or more actions Syntax: INSERT r BELOW e (BEFORE | AFTER) q r is an XQuery expression specifying the XML fragment to be inserted, e is an XPath expression specifying the set of nodes under which the new fragment will be inserted, q is either a constant or an XPath qualifier specifying the set of nodes BEFORE or AFTER which the new nodes will be placed. DELETE e e is an XPath expression specifing the set of nodes to be deleted.

13. 13/10/200613 XTL Language Example rule: ON INSERT doc(‘s.xml’)/shares/share/day- info/prices/price IF $delta > $delta/../../high DO DELETE $delta/../high; INSERT $delta/text() BELOW $delta/../.. AFTER prices

14. 13/10/200614 XTL rule processing system

15. 13/10/200615 XTL rule processing system - Architecture ECA Rules Management: Validates and registers a rule to the Rule Base ECA Rule Processing Engine: Evaluates the Event and Condition Parts of the rules and schedules their actions for execution in the Action Schedule

16. 13/10/200616 System Performance The system performance was studied by: Developing an analytical model of the system Performing experiments in the actual system We have studied the effects of rule base indexes in system performance Performance criterion: Update response time: The mean time taken to complete all rule execution resulting from a single update submitted by a top-level update transaction

17. 13/10/200617 System Performance Varying quantities: Number of rules in the rule base Experiments on the actual performed with three (3) different rule sets XML data set: a fragment of DBLP database

18. 13/10/200618 System Performance - Analytical Model The analytical model is a mathematical description of the system behaviour Uses queue theory to simulate the transaction queues and database processing Uses a set of simplifying assumptions to emulate the behaviour of some system parameters (e.g. triggering probability, transaction arrival rate etc.)

19. 13/10/200619 System Performance - Analytical Model Results

20. 13/10/200620 System Performance - Analytical Model Response time increases non-linearly for as long as the system is stable (I.e. arrival rate in the transaction queue is less that the service rate) After the stability point the transaction queue grows uncontrollably large, flooding the memory and slowing it down Reasons: Everything served by a single queue High number of event query evaluations to find what is triggered

21. 13/10/200621 System Performance - Experimental Results

22. 13/10/200622 System Performance - Experimental Results Difference with Analytical Model due to: implementation choices (use of DOM etc.) and the simplification assumptions made in the analytical model

23. 13/10/200623 System Performance

24. 13/10/200624 System Performance - Indexing Rule Base

25. 13/10/200625 System Performance - Indexing Rule Base Better overall behaviour and scalability characteristics due to smaller number of rules that need to be checked for triggering Smaller number of rules checked --> smaller number of queries need to be evaluated

26. 13/10/200626 Outline What Event-Condition-Action (ECA) Rules are and what we can do with them? ECA Rules for XML ECA Langugage System Architecture Performance ECA Rules for RDF ECA Performance Langugage System Architecture

27. 13/10/200627 ECA Rules for RDF The RDFTL ECA Language Implementing RDFTL processing system in P2P environments System performance

28. 13/10/200628 The RDFTL Language We have designed the language from scratch specifically for RDF General Syntax: ON event IF condition DO action

29. 13/10/200629 The RDFTL Language Event Part: May contain let expressions of the form: LET $var := e (INSERT | DELETE) e e is a path expression that evaluates on a set of RDF nodes. Catches the insertion or deletion of a node (INSERT | DELETE) triple triple is an expression of the form (source,arc, target) specifying an RDF triple. Catches the insertion or deletion of a property in an RDF triple. UPDATE upd_triple upd_triple is an expression of the form (source, arc, old_target->new_target). Catches the update of a property from one RDF node to another.

30. 13/10/200630 The RDFTL Language Condition Part: It is a boolean-valued expression May consist of conjunctions, disjunctions and negations May also contain let expressions The $delta variable bound to the set of nodes or arcs modified and caught by the event part Action Part: A sequence of actions Each action has similar syntax with the event part

31. 13/10/200631 RDFTL Rules in P2P Environments System Architecture

32. 13/10/200632 RDFTL Rules in P2P Environments Each peer (P) is supervised by a superpeer (SP) The set of Ps supervised by an SP form a peergroup At each SP there is an RDFTL processing engine installed Each P or SP hosts a fragment of the RDF schema that may change due to updates Hybrid fragmentation with possible replication

33. 13/10/200633 RDFTL Rules in P2P Environments Ps notify the SPs for any updates on their local data An ECA rule generated at one P or SP may be replicated, triggered, evaluated or executed in different sites in the net.

34. 13/10/200634 Distributed Rule Registration A rule generated is sent from P to SP for validation and storage From there it is sent to all other SPs A replica of it will be stored also to those SPs that are e-relevant to the rule. I.e. the event part queries of a rule can be evaluated on SP At each SP each rule is annotated with IDs of local peers that are e-, c- and a-relevant to the rule c- and a- relevance have a similar meaning with e- relevance for the condition and action part

35. 13/10/200635 Distributed Rule Execution Each SP manages its own rule execution schedule Each execution schedule is a sequence of updates to be executed on the local peergroup Once an update u occurs in P, SP is notified SP determines if u may trigger any rule whose event part is annotated with P’s ID. If yes, the event query is sent to P for evaluation If the rule is triggered, its condition will be evaluated If the condition is true SP will send each instance of r’s action part to local peers that are a-relevant to it

36. 13/10/200636 System Performance The system performance was studied by: Developing an analytical model of the system Developing a system simulator and performing experiments with it Performance criterion: Update response time: The mean time taken to complete all rule execution resulting from a single update submitted by a top-level update transaction

37. 13/10/200637 System Performance Cases studied with both the Analytical Model and the Simulator : Random Network topology between SPs, with various data replication degree HyperCup Network topology between SPs, with various data replication degree Varying quantities: Number of peergroups Number of rules

38. 13/10/200638 System Performance Random topology - Replication 10% Analytical Model Simulation

39. 13/10/200639 System Performance With random topology system does not scale well even with low replication and number of rules and peergroups Exponential update response time System becomes unusable due to high load

40. 13/10/200640 System Performance HyperCup organises the SPs into hypercubes HyperCup topology guarantees that: Each peer receives a message only once A total number of N-1 hops is necessary to broadcast a message to N peers The more distant peers are reached after log 2 N hops

41. 13/10/200641 System Performance HyperCup - Replication 10% Analytical ModelSimulation

42. 13/10/200642 System Performance HyperCup - Replication 90% Analytical ModelSimulation

43. 13/10/200643 System Performance With HyperCup we achieve higher performance for various replication levels and number of peergroups System scales better System remains stable and the update response time within acceptable values Analytical with simulation approach show good agreement

44. 13/10/200644 Conclusions We have described two ECA languages for XML and RDF We have studied and defined the architectural characteristics for an ECA rule processing system in centralised and distributed environment We have conducted a study to determine the system performance in both the centralised and distributed case

45. 13/10/200645 Conclusions The whole study shows that ECA rules is a usable technology for various different application environments over semi- structured data

46. 13/10/200646 Thank you !!