1. The Communist
Revolution:

2. The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

3. The Communist Victory

4. Geographical Changes Communist China gained control over: Chinese
Turkestan (Xinjiang)
Inner Mongolia
Manchuria
Tibet
PRC = People’s Republic of China (Communists) / ROC = Republic of China (Nationalists)

5. Political Changes under Mao
Communist government on mainland China
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
Chairman Mao – chairman of the Communist party and leader of China –
Possible anecdote: Other men served as chairman of the republic (as opposed to both the party and the republic) as well as premier, but Mao was the de facto leader of China until his death in 1976.
Mao Zedong 毛泽东

6. Mao and Communism Victorious
October 1949:
Mao and Peoples Liberation Army win
Jiang Jishi and Nationalists flee to Taiwan

7. The People’s Republic of China Life Under Mao

8. The People’s Republic of China

9. People’s Republic: 1949 + Mao Establishes Single Party government
Centralized under Chinese Communist Party
Restores order
Organizes production and food distribution
Eliminates mass starvation within 3 years
Land Reform: land to the peasants

10. Reasons for the Communists’ Success
Mao won support of peasants – land
Mao won support of women
Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics
Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt
Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

11. Mao's political ideology
IDEOLOGY: based on Marxism but adapted specifically to Chinese conditions; added own ideas of self-reliance; continuation of revolution; class struggle; learning from the people and mass mobilisation
Self-reliance:
China to be independent and powerful
liberate China from foreign control
free the people from feudal landlords
Continuation of Revolution:
1949: revolution begins now
essential for new generation to be involved in revolutionary struggle
Revolutionary zeal was top priority
Class struggle:
continuing class struggle vital to CCP's survival
CCP to be periodically "rectified" e.g. Yanan Rectification Campaign (1942)

12. Mao's political ideology
Learning from the people:
CCP should be embedded in the masses
CCP to listen to concerns of the people
Masses to participate in policies discussions
The people: most important in ensuring CCP rule stays fair/does not succumb to corruption
Mass mobilisation:
 mobilise people in mass campaigns to achieve objectives
Mao strongly believed in goodness of people - believed China's mass population could achieve everything

13. Mao's political ideology
1949: Mao established himself as undisputed leader of party
developed own distinctive reactionary Communism: MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT
became cause of much debate/division within Party
Mao's flexibility enabled him to make tactical alliances with certain Party members while maintaining ideological goals
eventually rid CCP of 28 Bolsheviks who opposed his ideology - thus limiting USSR influence in China
Cult of Mao:
Elevated Mao's position as "The Leader" - greater than any other CCP member
Mao seen as omnipotent, wise, virtuous
consolidated position in Party as support of his ideology and Mao Zedong Throught increased; enabled larger support base

14. People's Liberation Army
The job of the PLA did not end after China seized power in 1949; their main roles are:
Used as a form of propaganda
Used as a main component to bridge the gap between Party and people, i.e:
Participate in public works alongside people
A PLA soldier is trained not only in the art of warfare, but indoctrinated by the Chinese Communist ideology
State spending on the PLA took up over 41% as of 1953
There were 5 million men in 1950, but its size reduced to 3.5 million in 1953; nevertheless, they remained as the largest military force in the world ~ POWER demonstrated
Every year, an average of men were conscripted (compulsory enlistment) into the PLA

15. People's Liberation Army
Propaganda:
The PLA were revered as they physically fought in the Chinese revolution, thus they were used to promote good virtues and arouse a sense of patriotic pride: Discipline, Self- sacrifice, Endurance, Perseverance
Interaction with the people:
They were sent to pass on the ideology to the peasants
Take part in public works (i.e. rebuilding bridges, railways, roads damaged in previous wars)
Some demobilized units were restructured: i.e. First Field Army turned into Production and Construction army responsible for tapping minerals and developing agricultural land
This is an example of MASS LINE as a method of power consolidation

16. Maoist Era (1949 – 1976) penetration of state into society
sweeping mass campaigns

17. Marriage Law of 1950
The very first law promulgated by the People’s Republic of China ( )
abolished arranged marriage
abolished polygamy
right to divorce
214,000 cases of divorce in 1986
1,665,000 cases of divorce in 2004

18. Maoist Era (1949 – 1976) transformation of “feudal” social customs
establish new loyalty to Mao and to CCP

19. “Socialist New Man” communist ideals socialist moral
culture and education
discipline

20. “Socialist New Man”
“serve the people”
Lei Feng (1940 – 1962)

21. “Socialist New Customs”

22. “Women hold up half the sky”

24. “Women hold up half the sky”

25. Transformation (1949-1957)---Treaty of Friendship with Russia and Start of Land Reform
1949: Peoples Republic of China proclaimed October 1, 1949
February 1950: Mao signs “Treaty of Friendship with Russia
Russia provides partnership in reconstruction & rehabilitation
Restored railways and canals to distribute food and fuel to people
June 1950: Land reform introduced
Attempt to redistribute land equally among people & reduce power held by individuals

26. Transformation (1949-1957): Mao and the Economy
: Korean War-
China & N.Korea VS.
U.S., United Nations & S.Korea
Mao increases government controls, ending all Western or Capitalist influence on economy
Major industries nationalized, labor relations, hospitals, schools

27. Economic Changes under Mao
First Five-Year Plan ( )
Advances in agriculture and coal, electricity, iron, and steel production
Second Five-Year Plan ( )
“Great Leap Forward”
China became a leading industrial country
Peasants organized into communes
Widespread catastrophe – famine – at least 14,000,000 deaths
Note: Chairman Mao’s role as China’s leader became less significant following the failure of the Great Leap Forward.
Propaganda Poster for the Great Leap Forward

28. The Great Leap Forward
All people worked either in factories or in the fields.
Little human capital was dedicated to factories so they were not very productive.
Collective Farms became huge communes—25,000 peasants living together!
Poor production, droughts, and floods caused one of the worst famines in history.
In two years 20 million people starved to death.

29. The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
Second 5 year plan to compete with the West
Agricultural Production
Steel Production
Scrap metal –tools, pots,pans, etc.
Backyard Production – furnaces made by the peasants

30. The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
Negative Results
Plan was abandoned early
Goals were not met
Injuries
Starvation from famine
Million of deaths

31. The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
Positive Results
Recovery
Chinese government made agriculture receiving first consideration, light industry second, and heavy industry third.
production in both agriculture and industry surpassed the peak levels of the GLF by 1966

32. Transformation (1949-1957): Hundred Flowers Campaign
Mao invites suggestions from scholars and writers on improving communist system
1957: Campaign dropped and those found criticizing government are punished
End of freedom of thought for China, reinforcing dictatorial power of CCP

33. Repression and Terror
The outbreak of the Korean War engendered a sense of fear among people for the threatened Chinese Communist revolution
This atmosphere was used by Mao and Party officials to justify their more radical actions against "counter revolutionary elements" (i.e. landlords, bourgeoise)
Main Methods:
Labour Camps (Lao Gai)
Public "trials"
Imprisonment and/or executions
Social scrutiny
Mass Campaigns

34. Repression and Terror
Among many mass campaigns, the following were examples of the use of terror and repression
The Resist America and Aid Korea Campaign: (1950)
As a result of the Korean War, Americans and foreigners were targeted as enemies of the state and expelled from the nation ~ China becomes closed to Western influences
Any institutions that have Western links (i.e. Churches) came under state suspicion
The Suppression of Counter Revolutionaries: (1950)
This was the persecution of internal elements such as people with links to the GMD, or religious sects
In Shanghai along in 1950, people were allegedly persecuted, investigated, denounced and punished
Executions took place in public to install fear

35. Repression and Terror Three Antis Campaign: (1951)
Again, an internal persecution campaign targeting against corruption, bureaucracy and waste
Targets included managers, State officials and Party members (* In 1953, the first major purge of the Party took place, seeing the persecution of leading members such as Gao Gang and Rao Shushi)
Targets were forced to publicly self- criticize and be humiliated
Five Antis Campaign: (1952)
This tackled problems such as bribery, tax evasion and theft of State property
Targets included most of the bourgeoise class
Mass meetings and group criticism sessions took place
Instead of executions, many targets in fact committed suicide as a result of the repression

36. Transformation (1949-1957): Five Anti Campaign
1952: ‘Five Anti Campaign’- Aimed to clean up corruption in China
Lead against merchants & businessmen accused of bribery, dishonesty or fraud
Accusations spread to countryside, millions died
5 Antis:
Bribery
Theft
Tax Evasion
Cheating on government contracts
Stealing state economic information

37. Trials of landlords
During , the Communists held mass trials of landlords and KMT leaders all over the country.
Peasants were urged to denounce crimes committed by the former rulers.
This tied the peasants who participated to the regime because they were implicated in the deaths of the elite.

39. Accusing the landlord of abusing his tenants

41. Trials, 2
Hundreds of thousands of members of the former elite were put to death in the mass trials of
Their land was then distributed among the poorer peasants.
This was the most important revolutionary act in the rural villages of China.

42. The Cultural Revolution
- To maintain control Chairman Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to remove opposition to the Communist Party.

43. The Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution punished people who spoke against communism or the government.
The Red Guard supported his efforts.
Western influence was destroyed (literature, music, etc.)
Artist were forced to create propaganda supporting communism.

44. Cultural Revolution
-During the years of the Cultural Revolution the economy weakened and the government was unable to perform their duties such as health care and education.
-Many Chinese called for reform.
-Mao Zedong died in 1976 and the Cultural Revolution ended.

45. The Cultural Revolution (1966-1969)
Purge the communist party’s opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation
Eliminate Mao’s threats
Peasant and worker equality
Red Guards

46. The Cultural Revolution (1966-1969)
Negative Results
Schools were closed
Traditional art, literature, paintings were burned
Historical buildings, temples and churches were destroyed
People were beaten to death for opposing Maoism

47. The Cultural Revolution (1966-1969)
Positive Results
China exploded its first H-Bomb (1967)
Various advances in science and technology.
Healthcare was made free and living standards in the countryside continued to improve.

48. Foreign Relations Russia (Soviet Union) Tibet Korea Vietnam
Growing split between USSR and China
“Peaceful coexistence” policy of USSR viewed as surrender
1960 – end of Soviet economic aid
Tibet
Seized in 1962
Korea
Aided North Korea in the Korean War ( )
Vietnam
Supported North Vietnam and aided Viet Cong during Vietnam War ( )

49. Foreign Relations Cold War “Atomic Club” (1964) United Nations
Economic aid to Africa, Asia, and Latin America
“Atomic Club” (1964)
Fifth overall, and first non-white, country to develop nuclear weapons
United Nations
One of five permanent members of U.N. Security Council (1971, replacing Taiwan)
Relations with United States
1972 – U.S. President Richard Nixon opened diplomatic relations with China

50. Conclusions Maoism created the foundation for modern Chinese ideals
Mao modernized Chinese industry and political culture
Although millions of lives lost during Mao’s reign, the Chinese economy did progress