1. Embedded Systems Development
Andy Mehta
November 23, 2009
- Stop me anytime for questions
23-Nov-09

2. What are Embedded Systems
They are Embedded ‘in’
They are not desktops
Not mainframes or mini’s
Automotive- engine, doors, mirrors
A heating furnace controller- Thermostat
A mobile phone
Medical device
DSP based systems
Avionics
Just a note
23-Nov-09

3. Why Use Embedded Systems
User functionality – portability
User convenience, comfort - HVAC, Auto, Appliances, GPS, TV remote, DVR, iPod
Low power and safety – iron, coffee maker, LED Lighting
Commercial/industrial applications
Complex features to be simplified
Replace electro-mechanical systems
Cost reduction
Quality improvement
Functionality- light-weight, low power, flexibility,
toaster, iron, LED flashlight, LED lights, mobile internet, auto- remote starting, heated seats
Distributed embedded systems
Phrase ‘omnipresent’
complex features- pacemaker, avionics
Electro-mech- appliances
cost- mobility, 3rd world,
quality- appliances- better washing/drying, better cooking
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4. An Embedded System
Inputs
Microcontroller
(uC)
Outputs
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5. An Embedded Control System
Inputs
Microcontroller
(uC)
Outputs
Feedback
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6. Microcontroller Manufacturers
ARM – Advanced RISC Machines
Atmel
Cypress- programmable blocks
Freescale Semiconductor- uC, DSP
Intel- 8051/8052 cores
Microchip
NEC
Renasas
Sharp
ST Microelectronics
Texas Instruments- uC, DSP
Many others
ARM probably the largest uC licenses. UK based co.
amr7, arm9, arm11, cortex-m3
atmel- ee. Flash company, touch sense solutions and uC
prog logic co., micros and other semis
freescale one of the biggest
intel grand daddy of uC 4004, 8008, 8016, 8051
microchip a power house. Most focused
japanese mfr’s not big in US.
renasas- hitachi, mitsubishi
ST has few uC’s but good pricing and selection
TI had very few uC MSP430 exteremly low power leader, medical. Couple of acquisitions
others like zilog, infineon and many in far east
RBM - holtek for music, caller-ID, LCD
4 Billion microcontrollers sold in 2006
A typical home in developed country has 36 micros
A midsize car has 30 micros
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7. Microcontrollers Spectrum
$ $0.20 Far Eastern parts
A 4-bit 4-pin $0.35 ST part
Musical gift card uC
8-bit 8K flash,1K RAM, 16-I/O
8-Bit, 256K flash, 32K RAM, 64-I/O
32-Bit, 2M Flash, 64K RAM, TPU
A high end $50 Marvell processor – GbE, USB HS
DSPs
Microchip has an 8-bit part for $0.58/qty 1, $0.34/3k, SOT-23 (6)
airliner project- usb hs running at 480 mbits/sec
product families built around groupings
23-Nov-09

8. A Low End Microcontroller
Flash
256 x 12
I/O
(3)
Microchip
PIC10F200
Clock
Reset
Watch
Dog
Input (1)
very very low cost applications
Onboard precision 4mhz osc
ECOs or add-on functionality, after-market fixes/features
debugging options
protocol additions
RAM
16 Bytes
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9. PIC10F200 Microcontroller 33 12-bit wide instructions
2-level deep stack
4MHz precision internal clock
Sleep mode – 100nA
Internal pull-ups
3 Input/Output – direct LED drive
8-bit Timer – programmable prescaler
Options – Comparator, memory
$0.34/3K, $0.59/1
Low cost RC oscillator
For further cost reduction parts in die form
23-Nov-09

10. Microcontroller Functionality
Core processor - Voltages
Memory – Flash, RAM, EEPROM, FRAM, DDR2
Input/Output – interface voltage
Timers
Interrupts
Serial Communication- SPI, I2C, UART
USB, CAN-BUS, IR, SD-Cards
Analog – A/D, DAC, Comparator, Op-amp
Core onboard voltage regulators
ferro-electric ram- TI
Inputs 3.3V/5V tolerant
interrupts from 0 to 286
I2C master/slave
SPI synchronous bus
CAN bus, LIN bus
12-bit ADC but so-so performance. No audio DACs
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11. A Typical Microcontroller
RAM
Flash
EEPROM
I/O
Core
Clock
Reset
Timers
Power
Comm
Analog
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12. Power-On Reset Modules
Internal reset
Internal and/or external reset
Programmable threshold voltage
Programmable duration
Programmable Osc startup time
Brown-out condition - programmable
Hysteresis
Watchdog timer
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13. Battery Powered Applications
Sleep mode
Currents down to 20nA
All kinds of modes available
Reduced clock frequencies
Core options
Selective peripherals sleep mode
Wake up modes – clocks, timers, interrupts
Watchdog timer
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14. A Typical Microcontroller
RAM
Flash
EEPROM
I/O
Core
Clock
Reset
Timers
Power
Comm
Analog
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15. A High End Microcontroller
JTAG
NEXUS
2MB Flash
64KB SRAM
64-Ch DMA
DSP
32K Cache
Freescale
32-Bit
MPC5554
MMU
32-Ch TPU
(2)
CAN Bus
(3)
A/D
40-Ch
PLL
64-Ch
I/O
32-Bit External Bus
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16. Freescale MPC5554 uC 132MHz, 416-Pin Plastic BGA ECC Flash, SRAM
Interrupt controller – 286 prioritized leves
PLL – frequency modulated for EMI
Applications
Engine control
Avionics
Turbine control
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17. Microcontroller Selection Criterion
Speed of operation, complexity – 8/16/32 Bits
Cost – HW/SW tradeoffs
Power consumption - TI, Microchip, Freescale
Memory Size – Flash, RAM, EEPROM
# of I/O
Analog – A/D, DAC, Comparator, Op-amp
Serial Communication- SPI, I2C, USB, IR, GbE
Product Family
Development tools
Timers – input capture, output compare
Environmental conditions
- complexity- MIPS required
Several of these parameters are intertwined
cost appliance industry. Bids in 5/10 cents
if for music DAC won’t suffice as you need 24-bit resolution
a unique peripheral - USB HS, GbE (avionics)
2 CAN controllers
OS – skinny Linux kernel needs MMU
Timers- TPU engine control or turbine, injection control
temp- miltary system with -55C/60C
physical space – OMAP processor with piggyback memory
23-Nov-09

18. Marvell 88F6281 DDR2 Ctlr Flash Ctlr USB 2.0 HS Sheeva Core 1.2 GHz
PCI-E
2xTDM
MPEG
Audio
2xGbE
MAC
2xSATA
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19. Embedded Systems Development
23-Nov-09

20. Embedded Systems Development
System development
Electronics
PCB Layout
Software
Mechanical
Product qualification
DFM – design for manufacturability
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21. Complexity- MIPS required Sub-systems interface - Master/slave
System Development
Architecture
Complexity- MIPS required
Sub-systems interface - Master/slave
Communication - Networking protocols
Power budget
HW/SW tradeoffs
uC selection
System tests – regulatory agencies
23-Nov-09

22. Electronics Development
Design specs
Design for testability
uC and components selection
Worst case analyses
Schematics – CAD tools, Design rule checks
Simulations
Proof of concept, Prototyping
Design validation
Product qualification
- Simulations NASA or IC/ASIC development
23-Nov-09

23. Electronics Development Tools
Schematic capture- Orcad, PADS, Cadence, Mentor
Analog simulation- pSpice, LTSpice
Logic Simulation- Orcad, Cadence, Mentor
VHDL, Verilog
Worst case analyses- simulations
Proof of concept, Prototyping- PALs, FPGAs
DFMEA- UL, agencies approval
Reliability predictions - MTBF
23-Nov-09

24. ASICs & Programmable Logic
Application Specific ICs
PAL, PLD, FPGA- uCs with PLDs
Gate Arrays
Standard Cells
Custom ICs
Languages- VHDL, Verilog
Functional simulation
Timing simulations
Floor planning
Back-annotation
uC cores, 8051 very popular
Cypress uC with analog PLAs
23-Nov-09

25. CAD tools- Orcad, Protel, PADS, Allegro, Mentor
PCB Layout
CAD tools- Orcad, Protel, PADS, Allegro, Mentor
Netlist
# of layers
Mechanical outline
3D fit
Noise considerations- diff-pair, impedance-matching
Thermal considerations
DRC
Gerber output
Fabrication
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26. Real Time Software Development
23-Nov-09

27. Software Development Specs Architecture SW Design
Languages – ‘C’, C++, Assembly
OS’
Simulations
Tools – compilers, assemblers, programmers, emulators
Real time aspects - ISRs
SW/HW tradeoffs
System integration
closeness to HW
resource limitations
Concurrent events
complex debugging
specs- hp study
design- engineers with perfect quality
23-Nov-09

28. Real Time Software Development
Timers
Interrupts
Tasks
Priorities
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29. Real Time Software External Event External Event Timer 1 Timer n
Micro-
Controller
Core SW
Prioritized
Interrupts
I/O
Inputs
Task 1
Task 2
Task n
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30. Real Time Software Development
Interrupts – ISRs
‘C’ v/s Assembly
Timers – input capture and output compare
Tasks and priorities
RTOS’
Worst case analysis
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31. Software Development - Tools
Programmers- development, in-circuit, field
Emulators- JTAG
Simulators
Assemblers
Compilers
Linkers
Loaders
CASE tools
Version control
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32. Case Studies
23-Nov-09

33. Mobile Phone User Interface
Touch
Screen
Freescale
68HC05
Radio
Power
Battery
Freescale
Dragonball
68328
LCD
Driver
Graphics
LCD
Keypad
Inputs
Micro-
Phone
Speaker
23-Nov-09

34. Mobile Phone Development
3.5 Months total development time
Development involved HW
SW- menus, address book
GUI – electronic ink capture
Plastics industrial design, proto tooling
Fonts
Phone made and received calls
Project successfully completed
23-Nov-09

35. Postal Mail Sorting Device
Power
Supply
Postal
Mail
Pieces
Freescale
68HCxx
Flash
RAM
PLD
Optical
Encoder
Optical
Isolation
RS232 PC
Application
23-Nov-09

36. Mail Sorter Development
6 Months total development time
Industrial robustness
Development involved HW
SW- timers
Project successfully completed
Product went to production
23-Nov-09

37. eBook PCMCIA PC/104 Pentium Processor Xilinx FPGA Graphics LCD Video
Rechargeable
Battery
PCMCIA
PC/104
Pentium
Processor
Xilinx
FPGA
Graphics
LCD
Video
Touch
Screen
23-Nov-09

38. 6 Months total development time
eBook
6 Months total development time
Proof of concept
Development involved HW
FPGA for orthogonal rotation of image
SW- PC Application
Industrial design- leather bound covers
Project successfully completed
Idea was discarded by the customer
23-Nov-09

39. 1GHz Fibre Channel PCI Card
3 Months total HW development time
SAN Storage Area Networking
1GHz Fibre Channel Bus
LSI Logic FC controller
Technician did the Orcad PCB Layout
Windows Driver development
23-Nov-09

40. 1GHz Fibre Channel PCI Card
LSI Logic
Controller FC
Transceiver
Fibre
Channel
Bus
PCI Bus
23-Nov-09

41. Q&A Session
23-Nov-09

42. The End.
23-Nov-09