1. Bell Ringer – Match up each description with the correct aspect of consciousness 1. being aware of information about your surroundings gained from sight, hearing, taste, or skin sense. 2. being aware of ourselves and our existence 3. being aware of things inside yourself – memories, feelings, ect. 4. ideas not in our awareness right now, but could be if you had to recall them 5. also called the subconscious – information unavailable to awareness under most circumstances a. Sense of Self b. Sensory awareness c. unconscious level d. inner awareness e. preconscious level

2. Bell-Ringer Do your best to answer the following questions about dreaming. Use your own experiences as your guide. 1. Can people control their dreams? 2. Can a blind person dream? 3. Did you ever have a reoccurring dream? 4. Why do you think people have reoccurring dreams?

3. Doris’s Dream I am at my friend Betty’s house. I call Ann to make an appointment to get my hair highlighted. I speak to the receptionist at the beauty parlor. I speak in a Russian accent. She asks when I can come. I say in a couple of days. I think that might be Wednesday. She asks “Are you sure? Because we are changing things around here” implying that it won’t be good to change my mind and cancel the appointment. After speaking to her I realize that I don’t need to have my hair highlighted yet, because my hair hasn’t grown out yet. But George and I go on the “A” train to the beauty parlor. It goes through a neighborhood that I have never seen before. The train travels outside. George gets out at a stop as if he nonchalantly is doing something. The train leaves without him. I wave to him and feel bad that he is not on the train.

4. Doris’s Dream In your small groups … 1. Read the handout. DO NOT WRITE ON HANDOUT. 2. Answer this question (in at least a paragraph) on a separate sheet of paper with all your names on it: – What is your groups’ interpretation of Doris’s Dream? Why did she have this dream? – *Figure out who will speak for your group

5. Doris ’ s Dream - A At the time of the following dream, Doris S. was a 65-year-old woman living in a Chicago suburb. She had four grown children, two boys and two girls. He husband of 40-years died two years before she had the dream. Though in excellent health for decades, she had just been diagnosed with breast cancer. Her prognosis was good, but she worried about her health. She also worried about one of her grandchildren, a boy, who was born autistic and retarded. Other than these unfortunate problems, Doris had lived a very normal life and had never experienced serious psychological problems.

6. Doris ’ s Dream - B At the time of the following dream Doris S. was an 18- year-old woman living in a rural area. She was getting ready to graduate from high school and begin the long road toward a medical degree ( she would have been the first child in her family to become a doctor) when she found out that she was pregnant. Her parent s were not yet aware of the situation and she and her boyfriend were in the midst of whether to try to arrange an abortion or to get married, though the latter option ment the end of her medical school aspirations. Beyond these rather unfortunate problems, Doris had lived a very normal life and had never experienced serious psychological problems.

7. Doris ’ s Dream - C At the time of the following dream Doris S. was a happy and healthy 28-year-old woman living in a comfortable Chicago condominium with her husband of five years. Both she and her husband had high-paying jobs in advertising (they had met at work) and were generally enjoying life as yuppies. They got along well and beyond the usual conflicts over small things, the only problems they had were her overbearing mother (who they perceived as trying to run their lives) and a very stressful decision about whether to move to Los Angeles, where her husband, but not she, had the opportunity for an exciting new job at even higher pay. Beyond these rather routine problems, Doris had lived a very normal life and had never experienced serious psychological problems.

8. Bell Ringer/Doris’ Dream Questions 1. How did you and your group members figure out the meaning of Doris’ dream? 2. What was the purpose of this activity? (Why did I make you do it? What did I want you to learn?)

9. Doris’s Dream Our dreams are influenced by our life experiences and prior knowledge. Dream analysis is not an exact science. Psychologists tend to base conclusions about clients an a series of dreams and extensive interview.

10. How Large is Your Sleep Debt? 4 or less – adequate sleep 5 or 6 – Most day’s adequate sleep. Some day’s a person’s sleep account may be a bit short and this may mean that performance is less than 100% on certain activities. 7 or 8 – Evidence of a sleep debt that may cause a noticeable reduction in work efficiency. 9-11 – Definitely a large sleep debt. The person’s work is likely to suffer from large, random errors, even small errors may be missed when work is reviewed a second time.

11. 12-14 – In addition to suffering the same symptoms as those with scores 0f 9-11, the person’s general quality of life suffers. Perhaps the person is less interested in things formerly found to be fascinating and is less inclined to spend time socailizing. The person may also be more accident prone and subject to temporary memory deficits such as momenteraliy forgetting his/her address or phone number. 15-16 – Sleep debt is a major problem. Levels of sleepiness are in the range often found in people with clinical levels of sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea or severe insomnia. This person should increase the amount of sleep he/she gets and should seek professional help if this does not bring scores back below 7.

12. States of Consciousness

13. Levels of Consciousness Conscious Level Nonconscious Level Preconscious Level Subconscious Level Unconscious Level

14. The Sleeping Mind

15. Sleep Sleep is a state of consciousness. We are less aware of our surroundings. Circadian Rhythm – – Our 24 hour body cycle

16. Sleep Cycle Use an EEG machine to measure stages of sleep. When you are the onset of sleep you experience alpha waves. Produces mild hallucinations, like a feeling of falling.

17. Stage 1 Kind of awake and kind of asleep. Only lasts a few minutes, and you usually only experience it once a night. Your brain produces Theta Waves. Click the couple to see Theta Waves

18. Bell Ringer 11/16 1. Describe any three ideas you learned about sleep last class. 2. Do you know of any sleep disorders? Which one?

19. Stage 2 More Theta Waves that get progressively slower. Begin to show sleep spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves. Click image to see Stage Two of sleep.

20. Stages 3 and 4 Slow wave sleep. You produce Delta waves. If awoken you will be very groggy. Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health. Click boys to see deep sleep. From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you go to stage 3, then 2….then ……

21. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Brain is very active. Dreams usually occur in REM. Body is essentially paralyzed. Click boy dreaming to see REM sleep.

22. Sleep Disorders

23. Insomnia Persistent problems falling asleep Effects 10% of the population

24. Narcolepsy Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times. Directly into REM sleep Less than.001 % of population. Skeeter

25. Sleep Apnea A person stops breathing during their sleep. Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep. Very common, especially in heavy males. Can be fatal.

26. Night Terrors Wake up screaming and have no idea why. Not a nightmare. Most common in children (boys) between ages 2-8.

27. Somnambulism Sleep Walking Most often occurs during the first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep sleep). If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older.

28. Bell-Ringer: answer each question or fill in the blank. Reviewing Sleep and Dreams 1. Which is the lightest stage of sleep? 2. During which stage of sleep do people dream? 3. A person who falls asleep at any time, and with no warning, may be experiencing ___________. 4. A person who has breathing problems that occur during sleep experiences _________. 5. Sigmund Freud believed that dreams ________.

29. Dreams

30. Freud’s Theory of Dreams Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious. Manifest Content (storyline) Latent Content (underlying meaning)

31. Manifest Content

32. Latent Content Dream Interpretation

33. Common Dreams Manifest content Latent Content Falling Flying Nudity Exams Losing money Finding money Sense of failing. Worried about “falling” in the eyes of loved ones. Feelings of power, freedom. Problem you can’t rise above. Anxiety about an event. Worried about revealing yourself to others. Anxiety about school. Worried about losing friend, goals, something important to you Happy. You feel valuable.

34. Activation-Synthesis Theory Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping. That is why dreams sometimes make no sense. Biological Theory.

35. Information-Processing Theory Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life. We tend to dream more when we are more stressed.

36. Bell Ringer: Get out your cornell-notes on States of Consciousness, match each description with the correct dream theory 1. Our dreams deal with the stuff in our life that causes us stress. 2. Our dreams make no sense because they are cause by random neural electrical activity we have while sleeping. 3. Our dreams are controlled by our unconscious or subconscious thoughts. Freud’s dream theory Activation-Synthesis Theory Information- Processing Theory

37. Hypnosis

38. Altered state of consciousness? Posthypnotic suggestion Posthypnotic amnesia

39. Drugs

41. Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called the blood-brain barrier. The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.

42. Drugs are either…. Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Opiates If a drug is used often, a tolerance is created for the drug. Thus you need more of the drug to feel the same effect. If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawal symptoms.

43. Stimulants Speed up body processes. More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.

44. Depressants Slows down body processes. Alcohol Barbiturates Tranquilizers

45. Hallucinogens Psychedelics Causes changes in perceptions of reality LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana. Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect

46. Opiates Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities. Derived from poppy plant. Morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine. Euphoria and a sense of well being - blocking out pain. All these drugs cross the placental barrier….teratogens.