1. THE NEXT DESTRUCTIVE TSUNAMI: ITS NOT IF, BUT WHEN.

2. Tsunamis are large, potentially destructive sea waves, most of which are formed as a result of submarine earthquakes, but which may also result from the eruption or collapse of island or coastal volcanoes and the formation of giant landslides on marine margins

7. a tsunami is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column

8. How a tsunami wave forms A tsunami begins with an undersea earthquake. The force jolts the ocean floor, which displaced water, and produces waves. Slowly, as they enter shallow water, the waves begin to pile up until they break on shore.

9. TSUNAMI PHENOMENA SERIES OF OCEAN WAVES GENERATED BY A DISPLACEMENT OF SEAWATER MOST GENERATED BY EARTHQUAKES 5 TO 60 MINUTES BETWEEN WAVE CRESTS WAVELENGTHS ARE MUCH LONGER THAN THE OCEAN DEPTH SPEED DEPENDS ON WATER DEPTH

11. Coastal effects of tsunami If trough arrives first, appear as a strong withdrawal of water (similar to an extreme and suddenly-occurring low tide) If crest arrives first, appear as a strong surge of water that can raise sea level many meters and flood inland areas Tsunami often occur as a series of surges and withdrawals

13. MOST TSUNAMIS ARE GENERATED AT CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES, WHERE ONE PLATE IS SUBDUCTING BENEATH THE OTHER AND THE GREATEST EARTHQUAKES OCCUR.

15. DIFFERENT TYPES OF OCEAN WAVES TYPE CAUSE TIME / CYCLE SEA & WIND 2 - 25 SEC SWELL TSUNAMIS RAPID OCEAN 5 - 60 MIN DISPLACEMENT TIDES ASTRONOMICAL > 12 HRS CYCLES

16. NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE 1896 SANRIKU, JAPAN TSUNAMI

17. Wave speed = ( g x h ) ½ where, g = acceleration of gravity = 10 meters / second 2 h = water depth For a typical deep ocean depth of 5500 m, speed = ( 10 x 5500 m 2 / s 2 ) ½ = 234 m / s = 524 miles / hour = 842 km / hour Wave Energy The energy in a wave is proportional to the length (the distance between two crests of the wave) and to the square of the height (the distance between the trough and the crest).

18. Estimated Tsunami Travel Times Hourly Contours

19. WHY IS A TSUNAMI A HAZARD? WAVE HEIGHTS GROW IN SHALLOW WATER BEST CASE - QUICKLY RISING TIDE WORST CASE - WALL OF TURBULENT WATER WITH ROCKS AND DEBRIS RUNUPS OF 30 meters 100 FT OR MORE DANGER CAN CONTINUE FOR MANY HOURS HIGH FATALITY HAZARD

20. TWO TSUNAMI THREATS LOCAL / REGIONAL TSUNAMI –GENERATED NEARBY (EQ EFFECTS) –STRIKES SHORE QUICKLY –MAY BE NO TIME FOR OFFICIAL WARNING –HIGHEST RUNUPS –DAMAGES ONLY TO LIMITED AREA DISTANT TSUNAMI OR TELETSUNAMI –GENERATED BY EARTHQUAKE FAR AWAY –MORE TIME AVAILABLE FOR WARNING –MORE WIDESPREAD DAMAGE

25. TSUNAMI MITIGATION HAZARD ASSESSMENT WARNING SYSTEMS EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS LAND USE BUILDING CODES DEFENSE WORKS

28. Richard H. Hagemeyer PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER Ewa Beach, Hawaii US Department of Commerce / National Weather Service

30. TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES COLLECTION / ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC DATA COLLECTION / ANALYSIS OF SEA LEVEL DATA DECISION MAKING CREATION / DISSEMINATION OF MESSAGES

31. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM SEISMIC DATA

32. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM SEA LEVEL GAUGES

35. DEEP OCEAN, REAL TIME TSUNAMI REPORTING SYSTEM The tsunami signal is detected by a pressure sensor on the ocean floor. That signal is relayed by acoustic telemetry to the bouy. The buoy in turn transmits the signal via satellite back to the warning centers.

39. WE STRIVE TO IMPROVE SPEED ACCURACY RELIABILITY EFFECTIVENESS

41. PTWC EARTHQUAKE MESSAGES: ELAPSED TIME TO ISSUANCE

42. NATURAL TSUNAMI WARNING SIGNS If you feel shaking from an earthquake so strong that it is difficult to stand, and you are are near shore, evacuate immediately inland or to high ground. Don’t wait for an official warning. Monitor the sea for at least an hour after any smaller felt earthquake for signs of a tsunami. If the sea recedes unusually, don’t investigate. Evacuate immediately. Abnormally strong and unusual currents may be the sign of a tsunami. Evacuate immediately.

43. TSUNAMI SAFETY TIPS Don’t act on your curiosity and go to the sea to watch a tsunami. Tsunamis move very quickly and by the time you see it - it will be too late to escape. A tsunami is a series of waves -- the first is often not the largest. Each wave in a tsunami may last for several minutes to an hour. The danger from a tsunami can last for many hours.

44. TSUNAMI SAFETY TIPS Tsunamis wrap around islands and are sometimes largest on the shoreline away from the source. Even a small tsunami can produce strong and unusual currents that are a hazard to swimmers and boaters. Tsunamis can be very large. Runups as high as 50 feet have been measured in Hawaii. Inundation may extend several hundred feet from the coast.

45. TSUNAMI SAFETY TIPS Tsunamis can travel great distances inland up low lying valleys and in the channels of rivers and streams. The moving water of a tsunami has tremendous force, and it can carry objects weighing many tons. The debris carried by a tsunami can be more destructive than the water. Never think you can surf a tsunami!

46. THE END