1. Gender inequality in Europe. Findings from the 5 th European Working Conditions Survey Agnes Parent-Thirion – Eurofound Brussels, 9 May 2012

2. Setting the scene: Employment trends and the situation in 2010 (LFS)

3. 5 th European Working Conditions Survey 5 waves: 1991, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 Covering EU and neighbouring countries  5 th EWCS (2010): 34 countries: EU27 + NO + ACC3 + IPA3  43,816 interviews (1000-4000 interviews per country) Cross sectional survey Surveying workers  employees and self-employed (15+; LFS definition) ‘Face to face’ interviews at peoples’ homes  Average duration 40 minutes Same questionnaire translated in all languages  2010: 25 languages and 16 language variants

4. Occupational gender segregation, by gender (EU27) EWCS, 2010

5. Level of job segregation at the workplace by gender, 2010, EU27 (%) Gender segregation

6. Proportion of women in supervisory positions, EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991 - 2010 (%) Gender segregation

7. Working hours of the household

8. Working time duration Working time is decreasing on average  From 40.5 hrs/week in 1991 (EC12) to 37.5 hrs/week in EU27 (2010) - On average men work 7 hrs more than women in paid empl - However: paid + unpaid work: women work more  Time segregation: - Women work more shorter hours - Men work more longer hours

9. Number of hours spent on paid and unpaid work per week, by gender and working time (EU27) EWCS, 2010

10. Working time preferences

11. Fit between working time and social commitments, by gender and age (EU27) EWCS, 2010

12. Fit between working hours and private commitments Which elements contribute? Individual and household characteristics  Having children makes a difference Working time features  Likely to have balance: part-time work, flexibility in working time arrangements, working the same hours every day, having fixed starting and finishing times, not difficult to take time off during working hours  Not likely to have balance: working long hours, night work, evening work and weekend work

13. Exposure to physical risks, at least a quarter of the time, by gender (EU27) EWCS, 2010

14. Safe working environment EWCS, 2010 Poor general health (fair, bad, very bad) Mental health at risk (WHO 5) Absenteeism (>5 days) menwomenmenwomenmenwomen Exposure to posture and movement-related riskslow16%17%15%19%20%23% high25%30%20%26%25%26% Exposure to biological and chemical riskslow17%20%15%20%19%22% high25%28%21%26% 28% Exposure to ambient riskslow16%18%14%18%19%23% high24%30%20%28%25%26%

15. Psychosocial risks In the report six psychosocial risk factors are distinguished: 1. high demands and work intensity 2. emotional demands 3. lack of autonomy 4. ethical conflicts 5. poor social relationships 6. job and work insecurity

16. Work-related stress: Work intensity and job autonomy EWCS, 2010

17. Emotional demands: Hiding ones feelings, always or most of the time, by sector and gender, EU27, 2010

18. Emotional involvement in one’s work, by sector (NACE), 2010, EU27 (%)

19. Knowing what is expected in the job, and feeling of doing useful work, always or most of the time, by sector

20. Job and employment (in)security and career prospects, by gender and age (EU27) EWCS, 2010

21. Gender-based harassment and discrimination, by gender and sector EWCS, 2010

22. Job fulfilment, 2010, EU27 (%) MenWomen Does your job require that you hide your feelings?23.00%28.50% Do you get emotionally involved in your work?39.30%46.20% Do you feel you are doing useful work?83.90%83.60% Does your job give you a feeling of work well done?83.10%84.10%

23. You have the feeling of doing useful work

24. Trusting social environment EWCS, 2010 Poor general health (fair, bad, very bad) Mental health at risk (WHO 5) Absenteeism (>5 days) menwomenmenwomenmenwomen Was subjected to bullying or harassmentno19%21%16%20%21%23% yes29%30%27%32%33%32% Participation in workplace changeslow18%20%14%17%21%24% high23%25%22%26%27% Having a good managerno22%24%20%24%28% yes15%16%11%14%22%24%

25. Income categories, by gender and age (EU27, full time workers only) EWCS, 2010

26. Poor general health (fair, bad, very bad) Mental health at risk (WHO 5) Absenteeism (>5 days) menwomenmenwomenmenwomen Received training paid for by employerno23%24%19%23%22%23% yes16%19%16%21%24%27% Job gives feeling of work well doneno30%37%35%45%32%30% yes20%22%17%21%22%24% Scope for applying own ideas at workno25%27%24%29% yes19%21%16%20%21%23% Well-being, skills development and intrinsic satisfaction

27. Presenteism

28. Mental Heath at risk by sector of industry

29. Skills and duties match by sector EWCS, 2010

30. Job sustainability and working conditions MaleFemaleMaleFemale Autonomy Low4846 Posture related index Low7769 High7267High3935 Work intensity Low6461 Job offers possibilities for career development Low49 High5150High6664 Worker participation Low4647 Work life balance Poor4742 High7065Good62 Work well done Rarely/ Never 4344 Learning new things Low49 Usually/ Always 6360High6360 EWCS, 2010

31. Gender inequality still very much an issue Occupational gender segregation and the gender pay gap require on-going attention. Solutions require looking at the situation at the workplace as well as at home. Women still bear much of the burden of care activities, which needs to be tackled by addressing both the facilities for care and the attitudes toward care responsibilities. Discrimination and harassment strongly impact wellbeing. Company policies aimed at prevention might not be easy to implement but need not be costly.

32. Reports and data Changes over time – First findings from the fifth European Working Conditions Survey Overview Report of the Fifth European Working Conditions Survey Secondary analysis on work and gender  report to be published in 2013 Survey mapping tool on Eurofound website Dataset available to researchers UK Data archive

33. Thank you for your attention! www.eurofound.europa.eu 5 th EWCS overview report apt@eurofound.europa.eu

34. Working long hours … Working less than 48hWorking 48 h or more Problems with work life balance 16%38% Work affects my health negatively 23%37% Work intensity (high speed > ½ time) 44%54% Consulted for your work targets 22%29% I feel at home at work22 %33 %

35. job quality : which level(s) to consider Level of analysisExamples of topics The workerMatching, preferences The jobObjective or subjective The labour marketUnemployment and participation rates, transitions etc The legal frameworkInstruments limiting externalities, promoting good practice The welfare stateSafety net, developing capacities