1. P harmacology RHPT-365 By M ajid A hmad G anaie M. Pharm., P h.D. Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacology E mail: majidsays@gmail.com Chapter 5: Drugs used in Respiratory diseases

2. Learning Objectives Detailed description of drug used to treat bronchial asthma, cough, nasal congestion as a result of some disorders and allergic condition. Broad classification of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma The pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, side effects of each group of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma.

3. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA Asthma is physiologically characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli and by wide spread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity either spontaneously or as a result of therapy Impairment of airflow in bronchial asthma is caused by three bronchial abnormalities. i. Contraction of airway smooth muscles ii. Thickening of bronchial mucosa from edema and cellular infiltration iii. Inspissations in the airway lumen of abnormally thick, viscid plugs of excessive mucus.

4. PHARMACOTHERAPY OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA 1. Bronchodilators a) β- Adrenergic agonists (SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS) which include: i) Non selective β-agonists e.g. Adrenaline ii) Selective β-agonists e.g. Salbutamol b) Methylxanthines: e.g. Theophylline derivatives c) Muscranic receptor antagonists e.g. Ipratropium bromide 2. Mast cell stabilizers e.g. Cromolyn Sodium, Nedocromil, Ketotifen 3. Anti-inflammatory agents: Corticosteroids

5. Cough is a protective reflex, which serves the purpose of expelling sputum and other irritant materials from the respiratory airway. Anti-tussives are drugs used to suppress the intensity and frequency of coughing. ANTI-TUSSIVES

6. Two Types of Anti-tussives: 1. Central anti- tussives - Suppress the medullay cough center and may be divided into two groups: Opoid antitussive e.g. Codeine, Hydrocodeine Non opoid antitussives e.g. Dextromethorphan 2. Peripheral antitussives - Decrease the input of stimuli from the cough receptor in the respiratory passage: Demulcents e.g. liquorices lozenges, honey Local anesthetics e.g. lidocaine aerosol

7. Decongestants are the drugs that reduce congestion of nasal passages, which in turn open clogged nasal passages and enhances drainages of the sinuses. Mucus membrane decongestants are α1 agonists, which produce localized vasoconstriction on the small blood vessels of the nasal membrane. Reduce congestion in nasal passages. DECONGESTANTS

8. Classification: 1. Short acting decongestants (Administered topically) e.g. Phenylepherne, Phenylpropanolamine 2. Long acting decongestants (Administered orally) e.g. Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Naphazoline 3. Long acting topical decongestants e.g. Xylometazoline, Oxymetazoline

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