1. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 About Material and Immaterial Creation Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas Heraklion, Crete Corrections made 30 November 2008 Martin Doerr

2. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation Problem statement  Creation, a key concept of culture and science - a clear concept?  Intuitively: “An intentional activity (process) which brings into existence new things”. — A thing not seen before. — Acquires a new identity through this process. — Bears essential traits from this process (and the creator?)  Questions: — New in which sense? — Senses: Different from what it is made of; different from peers; physically different; quantitatively different; functionally different. — Can the kind of intention be separated from the sense of “new”? Is absolute identity adequate to describe the relevant senses of “new” ? — how relates absolute identity to our creation concepts?

3. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation Problem statement  General goal:  An ontology for representing factual knowledge expressed individually in cultural, historical or scientific documents, so that this knowledge can be integrated in a monotonic way, as long as information is not contradictory for the expert.  …not excluding the necessity of guidelines for good documentation practice…  Problem:  The same processes and constellations of matter may be described in ways so that formal reasoning may come to contradictory inferences, such as the same things existing and not existing, or existing multiply etc.  Approach: Ontology engineering from evidence of practice. Adequacy to the conceptualizations of domain experts.

4. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation The CIDOC CRM (ISO21127) The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (ISO 21127)  Developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006, result of long-term interdisciplinary work and agreement.  Is a core ontology describing the underlying semantics of data schemata and structures from all museum disciplines and archives, aiming to integrate cultural heritage information  In essence, it is a generic model of recording of “what has happened” in human (mesoscopic) scale.  It can generate huge, meaningful networks of knowledge by a simple abstraction: history as meetings of people, things and information.

5. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006  The CIDOC CRM is a formal ontology (defined in TELOS)  But CRM instances can be encoded in many forms: RDBMS, ooDBMS, RDF(S), OWL  Uses Multiple isa – to achieve uniqueness of properties in the schema.  Uses multiple instantiation - to be able to combine not always valid combinations (e.g. destruction – activity).  Uses Multiple isA for properties to capture different abstraction of relationships.  Methodological aspects wrt “core” :  Classes are introduced as anchors of properties ( and if structurally relevant). Other classes are seen as “terminology” (E55 Type).  Properties are introduced by evidence from frequently used data structures  Properties are declared with quantifiers 0,1,many at domain and range.  So far no FOL expressions. Material and Immaterial Creation The CIDOC CRM Encoding

6. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation The CIDOC CRM Thing material immaterial

7. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation Immaterial things in the CIDOC CRM E28 Conceptual Object *: This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost. * Variant of the definition in ISO21127

8. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation Immaterial things in the CIDOC CRM  Conceptual Objects do not depend in their form/substance on a particular carrier (“like fish and water”)  They are immaterial because they can reside identically at the same time on more than one carrier. They cannot “do” anything without a physical carrier.  They are particulars of a discourse. Some may be seen as equivalence classes of their carriers ( are they hidden universals ? ). Some are universals (!!).  a text versus a text plus its layout: part-of or IsA?  IPRs do not pertain to the carriers.  Idea: Conceptual Objects participate in meetings via their carriers. They are only transferred via meetings of things and/or people ( a physical constraint on the “intellectual world”).

9. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 S t runner 1 st Athenian coherence volume of first announcement coherence volume of the battle of Marathon Marathon otherSoldiers Athens 2 nd Athenian coherence volume of second announcement Information exchange as meetings… Victory!!! Victory!!!

10. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation The CIDOC CRM: only a partial formalization E24 Physical Man-Made Thing E55 Type E18 Physical Thing E12 Production E11 Modification E7 ActivityE39 Actor 0,n 1,n 1,1 P14.1 in the role of P108 has produced (was produced by) P31 has modified (was modified by) 1,n0,n P14 carried out by (performed) P94 has created (was created by): E65 Creation 1,n E28 Conceptual Object 1,1 E73 Information Object P128B is carried by (carries) memorized in? E70 Thing P16 used specific object (was used for): 0,n

11. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation The FRBR-CRM Harmonization Project  Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:  A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.  To express the IFLA FRBR model as FRBR OO with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.  To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information.  A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBR ER to FRBR OO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics.  Work continues with FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data)

12. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation FRBR  The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)  developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Files (FRAR)  A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation  Intended to formulate a new library practice  Innovations:  Definition of 4 stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item.  Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.  Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).

13. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation FRBR : Abstraction Levels Work Expression Manifestation Item has part is realized through (is a realization of) has part is embodied in (is the embodiment of ) has part is exemplified by (exemplifies ) has part has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation “a distinct intellectual or artistic creation… there is no single material object one can point to as the work...” “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc” “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics… …may be only a single physical exemplar…” “a single exemplar of a manifestation...” has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation

14. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation FRBR OO – clarification of key concepts The substance of Expression is signs (the text). An Expression can be “complete”. The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function. The substance of Work is concepts (the idea). Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible. Complex Work: Continuation, possibly by others. F1 Work F15 Complex Work F14 Individual Work F20 Performance Work F21 Recording Work F16 Container Work F18 Serial Work F17 Aggregation Work E28 Conceptual Object F19 Publication Work F25 Performance Plan F2 Expression F22 Self Contained Expression F26 Recording F23 Expression Fragment E73 Information Object F24 Publication Expression

15. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation FRBR OO : The “first externalization” process E28ConceptualObject E84InformationCarrier E24PhysicalMan-MadeThing E65CreationE12Production F28 Expression Creation F2 Expression F22 Self Contained Expression F23 Expression Fragment F4 Manifestation Singleton F14 Individual Work F15 Complex Work F1 Work F5 Item F3 Manifestation Production Type F32 Carrier ProductionEvent R19 created a realization of R9 is realized in R18 created R4 comprises carriers of R7 is example of R17 created R28 produced (was produced by)

16. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation FRBR OO : Conception and “Externalization” Work conceptionExpression creation Work elaboration produces a work produces an idea Produces (simultaneously) an Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton F28 Expression Creation F27 Work Conception F1 Work E39 Actor E52 Time E53 Place F2 Expression F4 Manifestation Singleton R16 initiated (was initiated by) P14 carried out by (performed) P4 has time-span (is time-span of) P7… R17 created (was created by) R18 created (was created by) P4… P7 took place at (witnessed) P14 carried out by (performed) R19 created a realisation of (was realised through) time

17. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation When is a new thing produced? - Immaterials  Identity and historical reasoning:  This idea was created by/in…, this physical law was detected by/in  How did they learn about it? Who told them? (China 1421…)  Thesis: Conceptual Objects exist for our discourse from the “first externalization” on, from the point on they can be recognized.  Consequently: At least one physical carrier.  Becomes the physical carrier a new object by carrying a new conceptual object? Or is it only modified? There IS something physically new on it.  Oral Tradition: At least 2 carriers needed? Becomes a new human carrier modified?  Is witnessing something a collective conceptual creation?

18. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation When is a new thing produced? - Immaterials  Modification and Derivation:  An immaterial object is not modified like a material one: The precursor may continue to exist on another carrier => two distinct objects at the same time. Better talk only about derivation?  Which changes make it “new”? — Any reproducible change (DNA tracing!) — Sufficient change for a specific function: words, type face, lay-out?  Relative notion of identity? Dependency: coarser level changes imply finer level changes.  New as a question of quantity? (trials on IPR?)  Research problem:  What are the kinds of relations between particulars which can be seen under different views of identity, as usual in our laws, library practice, scholarly tradition ?

19. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation When is a new thing produced? - Immaterials  What about detecting the same concept?  Claim: There are conceptual objects that have an identity bound to a characteristic creation, so that necessarily all carriers must have a chain of tradition to them (see IP rights, secrets, know-how). This implies that they can be forgotten. If there would be no such objects, there would be no immaterial creation.  Do conceptual object that can be “redetected” have a distinct substance from the “invented” ones and thus can be separated?  Or should we bind a concept to a tradition chain, and declare a merging of two traditions as a distinct event? (e.g. Newton – Leibniz dispute).  Can observations about particulars be treated like invented concepts? — In FRBR OO, we regard a merge of two works as a new work. — Biologists regard a species declaration as distinct from a naïve concept. — Many laws in physics have not been detected twice. (Europe, China, Maya?) — Was zero invented or detected?

20. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation When is a new thing produced? – Material Objects  Identity and historical reasoning:  Who made it, and where?  Who has seen it? Where does it come from? Who were the owners?  Material Objects exist either from the point in time they become an independent material unit (“birth”), or they are “completely transformed”.  Relative notion of independence: no more kept together or no more sticking together?  Transformation, modification and creation can be a point of view.  In the CRM we say, the documentalist decides what it is.

21. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation Example Palimpsest  Example palimpsest, three independent descriptions may describe three different books, created at different times, destroyed at different times, and yet the “same object”: — Parchment book created — First manuscript written — First manuscript erased — Second manuscript written — First manuscript made visible via IR… — book burned together with the library  Model A: 1 Physical Object + 2 Physical Features + 2 Information Objects:  Can the ink be seen as separate from the book? Is the Feature, rather than the book the carrier?  Non-monotonic under the (usual) view that ignores the creation of the empty book.  Model A as normalized documentation form impractical!

22. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Material and Immaterial Creation Example Palimpsest  Model B: a transformation sequence of 4 new Physical Objects  Empty book ends to exist when first manuscript is made out of it etc.  Incompatible with the conservators view. Non-monotonic.  Model C: nested identity of “phases”:  Each manuscript is a phase of the parchment book. As such it is new as a manuscript, and old as a parchment book.  Monotonic wrt curator views  Makes the notion of Production relative to a class.

23. ICS-FORTH October 23, 2006 Conclusions  We have presented a materialistic view on material and immaterial creation under the perspective to support the discourse about historical provenance and tradition of things and ideas. Material constraints apply to the creation and tradition of immaterial items. It should be possible to formalize them.  It seems that the notion of carrying immaterial objects and transferring them in meetings can reasonable describe a part of the historical discourse. To be formalized.  It seems that the notion of absolute identity cannot be held when integrating correct historical information about the same physical reality.  Lots of open questions with respect to the limitations of such a theory and its generalization, such as: — Do we have to separate purely mental objects from symbolic representations, invented concepts from detected concepts and observations about particulars? Can/should conceptual objects be relative to a tradition? — Under which conditions can views of relative identity occur, and how are the respective instances related, and which bearing does that have on the notions of modification, derivation and creation?