1. Distributed Generation & Distribution Companies Darius Vaiciunas Collingwood

2. OPTIONS No interconnectionNo interconnection Isolated DG operation with automatic transfer between the DG and the gridIsolated DG operation with automatic transfer between the DG and the grid Parallel operation with grid, no power exportParallel operation with grid, no power export Parallel operation with grid with power exportParallel operation with grid with power export

3. Basic Principals Safety Safety the operation of the interconnected generator should not pose any unreasonable safety hazard to utility equipment, customer equipment, or human beings (including utility personnel and the public). the operation of the interconnected generator should not pose any unreasonable safety hazard to utility equipment, customer equipment, or human beings (including utility personnel and the public).

4. Basic Principals System stability / reliability System stability / reliability the interconnected generator should not seriously degrade the quality of power or reliability for the utility system or for the customers connected to that system. the interconnected generator should not seriously degrade the quality of power or reliability for the utility system or for the customers connected to that system. Reverse power flow Reverse power flow Rule of thumb < 15% of the total load on the feeder Rule of thumb < 15% of the total load on the feeder Over-current protection systems Over-current protection systems Fuse / Breaker Coordination Fuse / Breaker Coordination

5. Basic Principals Power quality Power quality injection of power into the utility system from the generator will not cause voltage excursions (steady state or otherwise) that result in out-of- range feeder voltage conditions, objectionable voltage flicker, or improper operation of utility system equipment or customer loads. injection of power into the utility system from the generator will not cause voltage excursions (steady state or otherwise) that result in out-of- range feeder voltage conditions, objectionable voltage flicker, or improper operation of utility system equipment or customer loads.

6. STANDARDS MOE (Provincial)MOE (Provincial) NRC (Federal)NRC (Federal) New YorkNew York MassachusettsMassachusetts New HampshireNew Hampshire TexasTexas New MexicoNew Mexico North CarolinaNorth Carolina VermontVermont CaliforniaCalifornia Locations working on Interconnection Standards:

7. ISSUES Metering Metering Should reflect interconnection Should reflect interconnection No Export vs. Export Capabilities No Export vs. Export Capabilities Net Metering Net Metering Measuring the difference between electricity delivered to a customer/generator and supplied by a customer/generator at the same point of interconnection Measuring the difference between electricity delivered to a customer/generator and supplied by a customer/generator at the same point of interconnection

8. ISSUES Distributor potential loss of revenue Distributor potential loss of revenue Impact augmented by rate freeze Impact augmented by rate freeze Standby Capacity requirements for Consumer/Generator Standby Capacity requirements for Consumer/Generator Review of Distribution Rate Design process Review of Distribution Rate Design process Adversarial approach counterproductive Adversarial approach counterproductive