1. Variations in the ELISA technique Used for testing the amount of antibody to an antigen in serum Lab 6. Preparation of rabbit IgG Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay

2. Add the solution containing antigen to be measured

4. The sensitivity of the Sandwich ELISA is dependent on four factors: 1. The number of molecules of the first antibody that are bound to the solid phase. 2. The avidity of the first antibody for the antigen. 3. The avidity of the second antibody for the antigen. 4. The specific activity of the enzyme attached to the second antibody. http://www.chemicon.com/resource/ANT101/a2C.asp

5. Antibody titres are worked out empirically. Dilutions of known Standard Try several dilutions of antibody 1:250/ 1:500/ 1:1000/ 1:10,000 Cannot just take the Ab concentration from a different protocol Always do duplicates of each test

6. Ideally the enzyme substrates should be stable, safe and inexpensive. Popular enzymes are those which convert a colorless substrate to a colored product, e.g. p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) which is converted to the yellow p-nitrophenol by alkaline phosphatase.

7. Kuby 6-11 E=enzyme CS-chromogenic substrate CP-coloured pdt ELISPOT Assay

8. http://www.elispot-analyzers.de The specified number of IFN--producing T cells was mixed into one million antigen presenting cells (APC). The number of IFN--producing cells was measured by ELISPOT (upper panel) and intracytoplasmic staining (middle panel); results of ELISA measurements are shown in the lower panel. Sensitivity of the ELISPOT assay.

9. High-throughput. Fewer cells are required compared to other cellular assays. Lymphocytes survive the testing in ELISPOT assays. Spot size is proportional to secretion

10. SDS covers proteins in a net negative charge Addition of 2-mercaptoethanol reduces disulphide bonds and Boiling is used to further denature proteins. Migrate in gel according to mass + + + + + + - - - - - - Before SDS Charged R groups H H - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hydrophobic areas

11. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Wikipedia

12. Range of separation of proteins depends on the percentage of polyacrylamide used (typical range 12-16%).

13. Proteins are separated in a ‘ discontinuous ’ system. Stacking gel has looser pores to allow proteins to line up first. How does an SDS-PAGE gel really work? http://mullinslab.ucsf.edu/Protocols%20HTML/SDS _PAGE_protocol.htm

14. pH 8.8 Cl- Proteins Glycine Leading ions Glycine –ve charge pH 6.8 How the discontinuous gel works. +

15. Coomassie Blue stained gelsilver staining

16. Western blots- Ab used to identify Ag immobilized on nylon

17. SDS PAGE gel separates proteins present in a sample All proteins are covered with negatively charged SDS and migrate according to mass Native PAGE gels run under non-denaturing conditions- SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol are omitted from the gel and sample Proteins separate according to charge, size, shape

18. Silver stain IgM serum Western blot mAb detects light chain Ig serum Bromage, E. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Jan;143(1):61-9. Epub 2005 Dec 1. What does a Western blot tell you that a protein gel does not?

19. Protein blotting Two major factors affect the efficiency 1. The elution from the gel -use the lowest percentage of acrylamide that will allow resolution -high molecular weight proteins blot poorly 2. Efficiency of binding to the membrane - nitrocellulose (not covalently bound) - Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) - Activated nylon

20. Transfer of proteins to the membrane

21. Western blotting-wet transfer apparatus

22. Western blot-semi-dry transfer of proteins

23. Detection Primary antibody followed by: Radioactive-labelled 125 I staphlococcal protein A or streptococcal protein G Enzyme-linked secondary antibodies -horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -alkaline phosphatase-BCIP/NBT BCIP (5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3'-Indolyphosphate p-Toluidine Salt) and NBT (Nitro-Blue Tetrazolium Chloride). Chemiluminescent detection- HRP catalyzes the oxidation of luminol in hydrogen peroxide. Luminol decays by light emission. AP catalyzes the dephosphyorylation of adamantyl-1-2-dioxetane phosphate, resulting in emission of light.

24. Can see proteins that are not normally visible

25. Far western technique Detection of protein-protein interactions using a labelled bait protein

26. Figure 7 Distribution of the 52 kDa protein in various mouse tissues as analysed by Southwestern blot analysis Biochemical Journal (1998) 329, 623-629 - www.biochemj.org Southwestern blot