1. HOPE, OPTIMISM, AND RESILIENCY

2. SUCH AN INTEREST IN HOPE WHY ?

3. FROM DEBIT OR DISEASE MODEL A NATURAL FOR NURSES TO POSITIVE CONCEPTS

4. Buehler (1975) Dufault (1981) Hope in elderly cancer patients Rideout & Montemuro (1986) NURSING PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: 20 + YEARS OF HOPE

5. Farran & McCann (1989) Longitudinal analysis of hope in community–based older adults Farran & Popovich (1990) Hope: A relevant concept for geriatric psychiatry Herth (1990) Level of hope, copying styles, setting to grief resolution in elderly widow(er)s NURSING PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: 20 + YEARS OF HOPE

6. Fehring et al. (1990) Spiritual well-being, religiosity, hope, depression in elderly people coping with cancer Raleigh (1992) Sources of hope in chronic illness El–Gamel (1993) NURSING PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: 20 + YEARS OF HOPE

7. Mc Gill & Paul (1993) Functional status and hope in elderly people with and without cancer Byrne et al. (1994) Herth (1995) Engendering hope in the chronically and terminally ill

8. NURSING PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: 20 + YEARS OF HOPE Fowler (1995) Hope and a health promoting lifestyle in persons with Parkinsons disease Beckerman & Northrop (1996) Hope, chronic illness, and the elderly Zorn (1997) Factors contributing to hope among noninstitutionalized elderly

9. NURSING PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: 20 + YEARS OF HOPE Benzein & Saveman (1998) Brandt (1998) Roberts et al. (1999) Fostering hope in the elderly congestive heart failure patient

10. NURSING PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: 20 + YEARS OF HOPE Cutliffe (2001) Inspiring hope in cognitively impaired older adults Duggleby (2001) Hope at the end of life Bays (2001) Older adults description of hope after a stroke

11. RESEARCH EMPHASIZING IS OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE TO AGING AND NURSING SCIENCE HOPE, OPTIMISM AND RESILIENCE

12. A multidimensional dynamic life force characterized by a confident, yet uncertain, expectation of achieving good, which to the hoping person, is realistically possible and personally significant. (Dufault, 1981) HOPE Generalized Hope Particularized Hope

13. A disposition that expects the best possible or emphasizes primarily the positive aspects of a situation (Farran at al, 1995) OPTIMISM A stable cognitive set reflecting general rather than specific outcome expectancies, a general trait or outlook that includes a persons overall attitude and approach toward self and world ( Myers; Seligman)

14. OPTIMISM The belief that things will turn out well or that there are good aspects of every situation (sanguine) The belief that good is the dominant force in the universe Similarity with Hope Differences with Hope

15. The capacity of individuals to cope successfully with significant change, adversity or risk ( Stewart and colleagues, 1997) RESILIENCE Social and psychological competence characterized by equanimity, perseverance, meaningfulness, existential aloneness, and self–reliance (Wagnild and Young, 1993)

16. RESILIENCE A transformational process that results from the connections made with others to move the person through and beyond the stress into a new and more comprehensive personal and relational integration (Jordon, 1992) An effect of hope that energizes individuals to move forward in spite of difficulties (Roset, 1999)

17. NURSES AND OTHER CAREGIVERS AS SOURCES AND THREATS TO HOPE AND HOPING PROCESSES

18. POLICY CHANGES TO SUPPORT RESEARCH/PRACTICE WITH THIS EMPHASIS