1. Type of Soil and Size of a Microbial Fuel Cell on Voltage Production Abenet Addisu Rockdale Magnet School 3/7/12

2. Introduction Family in Ethiopia Every chemical, pesticide, or material used contributes to the pollution we have on Earth. Using bacteria naturally in soil to create electricity can benefit us in many ways

3. Rationale A successful outcome can help determine future distribution of resources around the world.

4. Research Purpose Determining if we can utilize another source of electricity humans can use in their daily lives. To establish a connection between the size of microbial fuel cells and the type of soil used.

5. Background Two Independent Variables –Size of the microbial fuel cell –Type of soil inside the fuel cell All the soils have three important key elements in them: phosphorous, nitrogen, and potassium Dependent Variable –Voltage produced

6. Research Hypothesis Research sub-hypotheses –Bigger microbial fuel cell will produce more electricity –High-grade soil with more organic matter will produce a higher output of electricity.

7. Experimental Design Diagram Independent Variable: Different types of soil and size of microbial fuel cell. Hypothesis: The 20 cup microbial fuel cell will produce more electricity and the manure will also produce a higher output of electricity. Constants: The anode, cathode, external circuit, the PEM, the copper wire, and the electrodes. Dependent Variable: Voltage produced. 20 cup12 cup (C)5 cup Potting Soil111 Topsoil (C)111 Manure111 Garden Soil111

8. Procedure Description 1.Gather two containers 2. Drill two holes in one container and one hole in the other. 3. Trace a circle with the compression fitting in the middle of both containers and cut it out 4. Make the PEM and conductive epoxy according to the directions 5. Glue the PEM in between the two holes of the containers

9. Procedure Description 6. Glue the copper wire down to the carbon cloth with the conductive epoxy, these will be electrodes 7. Add the conductive saltwater and electrode to the container with two holes, this is the cathode 8. Put the soil and electrode in the other container and this will be the anode 9. Hook the alligator cables to the electrodes and multimeter 10. Record the data

10. Results A significant increase of voltage produced between the 5 cup, 12 cup, and 20 cup microbial fuel cells.

11. Conclusions The highest voltage came from the control soil, which was topsoil, and the biggest microbial fuel cell. Utilized when they are “stacked“ or connected.

12. Wrap-Up Future Research –Expanding independent variables –Different bacteria strains Sources of Errors –Inaccurate measurements –The protein exchanging membrane leaking water

13. Bibliography Liu, H. (2004). Electricity Generation Using an Air-Cathode Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell in the Presence and Absence of a Proton Exchange Membrane. Environmental Science and Technology. Quick, D. (2010, April 20). Microbial Fuel Cell Generates Electricity From Mud. Retrieved November 8, 2011, from ONR’s: http://www.gizmag.com/onr-microbial-fuel- cell/14863/ Logan, B. (2008). Microbial Fuel Cells. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.