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Explain the following: / "It is not a simple life to be a single cell, although I have no right to say so, having been a single cell so long ago myself that I have no memory at all of that stage of my life." —Lewis Thomas (1913–1993) author, biologist, physician
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Cell Cycle
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The Cell Cycle / A period of growth, DNA replication and cell division that MOST cells go through / Examples of cells that don’t: nerve, brain and muscle / Examples of cells that do: blood, intestinal and skin / Blood cells-2.4 million per second / Cell Cycle is divided into 3 phases / Interphase / Mitosis / Cytokinesis / A period of growth, DNA replication and cell division that MOST cells go through / Examples of cells that don’t: nerve, brain and muscle / Examples of cells that do: blood, intestinal and skin / Blood cells-2.4 million per second / Cell Cycle is divided into 3 phases / Interphase / Mitosis / Cytokinesis
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The Cycling Cell / Scientists used to think of interphase as a resting phase during which not much happened, but they now know that this is far from the truth. It is during interphase that chromosomes—the genetic material—are copied and cells typically double in size. While this is happening, cells continue to do their jobs: Your heart muscle cells contract and pump blood, your intestinal cells absorb the food you eat, your thyroid gland cells churn out hormones, and so on. In contrast, most of these activities cease during mitosis while the cell focuses on dividing. But as you have probably figured out, not all cells in an organ undergo mitosis at the same time. While one cell divides, its neighbors work to keep your body functioning. / http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter4.html#10 / Scientists used to think of interphase as a resting phase during which not much happened, but they now know that this is far from the truth. It is during interphase that chromosomes—the genetic material—are copied and cells typically double in size. While this is happening, cells continue to do their jobs: Your heart muscle cells contract and pump blood, your intestinal cells absorb the food you eat, your thyroid gland cells churn out hormones, and so on. In contrast, most of these activities cease during mitosis while the cell focuses on dividing. But as you have probably figured out, not all cells in an organ undergo mitosis at the same time. While one cell divides, its neighbors work to keep your body functioning. / http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter4.html#10
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INTERPHASE / Interphase / Longest phase of the cell cycle / Consists of 3 distinct periods / Interphase / Longest phase of the cell cycle / Consists of 3 distinct periods
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/ G1 phase / Proteins are produced, organelles increase (multiply) / Cells grow during this phase, increase in size / Cells acquire ATP (energy) for later use / G1 phase / Proteins are produced, organelles increase (multiply) / Cells grow during this phase, increase in size / Cells acquire ATP (energy) for later use
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/ S phase / DNA synthesis (DNA is replicated) / S phase / DNA synthesis (DNA is replicated)
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/ G2 phase / Changes in cytoskeleton to prepare cell for mitosis / Cell undergoes more growth / Cell acquires more energy (ATP) http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_ cycle_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_ cycle_works.html / G2 phase / Changes in cytoskeleton to prepare cell for mitosis / Cell undergoes more growth / Cell acquires more energy (ATP) http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_ cycle_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_ cycle_works.html
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INTERPHASE Specifics! / Nucleolus is present / Individual chromosomes are NOT visible (DNA is known as chromatin) / Nuclear membrane is present / Nucleolus is present / Individual chromosomes are NOT visible (DNA is known as chromatin) / Nuclear membrane is present
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Interphase
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Mitosis / Nuclear division, it is the process of forming identical daughter cells by replicating and dividing the original chromosomes, in effect making a cellular Xerox copy. / http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_a nd_cytokinesis.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_a nd_cytokinesis.html / Nuclear division, it is the process of forming identical daughter cells by replicating and dividing the original chromosomes, in effect making a cellular Xerox copy. / http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_a nd_cytokinesis.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__mitosis_a nd_cytokinesis.html
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Prophase: 1st stage of mitosis / Chromatin forms chromosomes (chromosomes become visible) / Centrioles separate, start to move to opposite ends / Spindle fibers form / Nuclear envelope (membrane) breaks down / Spindle fibers attach to centromeres / Chromatin forms chromosomes (chromosomes become visible) / Centrioles separate, start to move to opposite ends / Spindle fibers form / Nuclear envelope (membrane) breaks down / Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
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Chromatids / Referred to as “sister” chromatids
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Prophase
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Metaphase: 2nd stage of mitosis / Chromosomes move to center of the cell and line up in the middle of cell / Site where chromosomes gather is called the metaphase plate / Chromosomes move to center of the cell and line up in the middle of cell / Site where chromosomes gather is called the metaphase plate
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Metaphase
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Anaphase: 3rd stage of mitosis / Shortest stage of mitosis / Spindle fibers pull apart chromatids / Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell / Shortest stage of mitosis / Spindle fibers pull apart chromatids / Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
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Anaphase
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Telophase: 4th stage of mitosis / End of mitosis (terminal stage) / Spindle fibers (disassemble) break apart / Nuclear envelope re-forms around chromosomes / Chromosomes begin to break apart / Two identical nuclei exist in the cell / Nucleolus starts to re-form / End of mitosis (terminal stage) / Spindle fibers (disassemble) break apart / Nuclear envelope re-forms around chromosomes / Chromosomes begin to break apart / Two identical nuclei exist in the cell / Nucleolus starts to re-form
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Telophase
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CYTOKINESIS / Division of cytoplasm following mitosis / Results in two daughter cells / Animal cells? / Plant cells? / Division of cytoplasm following mitosis / Results in two daughter cells / Animal cells? / Plant cells?
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