1. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation1 Unit 5: Correlation Practitioners Work in Online Calculator, Excel, or SPSS Photo source: http://media.photobucket.com/image/lea der/kbardes/CELEBRATE-THE- LEADER-COLOR.jpg

2. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation2 Error: All research has errors. LESS SERIOUS: A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true; that is, Ho is wrongly rejected. MORE SERIOUS: Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis H0, is not rejected when it is in fact false. A type II error is frequently due to sample sizes being too small.

3. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation3 Begin by taking this measure just so you know the test we’re using for the scenario. The test also may be interesting and give you insight into your own leadership behavior. Take this test on leadership: http://www.testcafe.com/lead/lead. html http://www.testcafe.com/lead/lead. html Question to answer in discussion: What level of data does this test provide?

4. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation4 Q. What level of data does this test provide? A. Nominal because it’s categories.

5. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation5 There would actually be 15 categories in this case, which makes for a complicated example. 1. Diligence - How hard do you work? 2. Persistence - For how long will you work to achieve your goal? 3. Understanding - Can you listen to others’ problems? 4. Confrontation - Do you have problems confronting adversaries? 5. Public Speaking - Can you stand in front of crowds and talk to them? 6. Problem Solving - Are you able to find appropriate solutions? 7. Role Model - Do people look up to you and your values? 8. Disposition - Are you easy to get along with? 9. Flexibility - Can you change your schedule according to group majority? 10. Ambition - Do you ever settle for mediocrity? 11. Organization - Can you keep a schedule for you and your followers? 12. Punctuality - Are you on time for your appointments? 13. Loyalty - Do you drop out of programs or change votes? 14. Street Smarts - Can you hold your own voice in the real world? 15. Versatility - Are you a jack of all trades or a master of none?

6. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation6 Remember, these are the choices for types of data. http://www.stat.sfu.ca/~cschwarz/Stat- 301/Handouts/node5.htmlhttp://www.stat.sfu.ca/~cschwarz/Stat- 301/Handouts/node5.html 1 Nominal measurement (names) 2 Ordinal measurement (order) 3 Interval measurement (constant scale) 4 Ratio measurement (natural zero)

7. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation7 Least sophisticated (low level) 1 Nominal measurement is just categories or “names” 2 Ordinal measurement is rank order 3 Interval measurement is rank with equal intervals 4 Ratio measurement has an absolute zero (not typically used in communication studies) Most sophisticated (high level)

8. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation8 Correlation A correlation shows the strength of the relationship between two variables (-1 to +1)..8 is an extremely strong positive relationship (same direction) -.8 is an extremely strong negative relationship (opposite direction)

9. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation9 In the upper left diagram, there is a strong correlation or relationship (notice how close the data are in the line) In the lower right diagram below, there is a weak relationship (notice how the data are all over the place). For more information, see http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/stb asic.html http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/stb asic.html

10. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation10 Let’s say that everyone in the class came up with one of two categories as their strongest. 1.Persistence or 2.Loyalty Oddly, everyone in the class had either high communication apprehension (CA) or low communication apprehension on a separate measure of CA.

11. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation11 Let’s imagine 20 students took the test and the data looked like this for the class. LoyaltyPersistence High Communication Apprehension 182 Low Communication Apprehension 119

12. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation12 Another way to see the data.

13. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation13 Online Calculator http://www.stattucino.com/calculate/correlations.html http://www.stattucino.com/calculate/correlations.html

14. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation14 Results

15. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation15 There’s a relationship.

16. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation16 Or use SPSS “Statistics Coach” (Under “Help”). We want to identify significant relationshps between variables.

17. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation17 Nominal data (catgories)

18. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation18 There’s a correlation Available by Sunday.

19. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation19 Or Use Excel Open Excel (Microsoft Office) Depending on your version, go to “Tools” Select “Data Analysis” If you don’t have it, select “Add-ins” and select “ToolPack” to add. Go back to Tools and select Data Analysis now.

20. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation20 Select “Correlation.”

21. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation21 Interpretation of Results in Hypothetical Study People with high communication apprehension are more likely to be strongest in the loyalty leadership attribute. People with low communication apprehension are more likely to be strongest in the persistence attribute.

22. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation22 What statistical test should we run? Remember, the first thing you need to do is determine the type of statistical test needed. You make this decision based on the type of measurement, variables, and what you want to accomplish. You can use help like this http://www.microsiris.com/Statistical%20Decision%20Tr ee/ http://www.microsiris.com/Statistical%20Decision%20Tr ee/

23. Unit 5 Practice: Correlation23 End