1. ENERGY CONCENTRATES pp. 212-220

2. Classes of Energy Concentrates Grains Fats and oils Byproducts of sugar or baking industries

3. Energy Concentrates General properties NutrientGrainsFats and oilsSugar or Food By-products EnergyHigh (77-90% TDN) Very high (189% TDN) High (80-90% TDN) Crude fiberLow (< 18% CF or 32% NDF) Very low (Unless fed as a component of an oil seed) Low Protein: QuantityLow (8-15% CP) Very low (Unless fed as a component of oil seed) Very low QualityLow--

4. A high quality protein will have ____?____ a)a high digestibility. b)a high concentration of amino acids. c)a high concentration of essential amino acids. d)each of the essential amino acids present in concentrations that are proportional to the animal’s requirements. e)all of the above f)none of the above

5. Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a pig? GlycineAlanineValine LeucineIsoleucineSerine ThreoninePhenylalanineTyrosine TryptophanCysteineCystine MethionineProlineHydroxyproline LysineArginineHistidine Aspartic acidGlutamic acidAsparagine Glutamine

6. Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a 1000 lb beef steer? GlycineAlanineValine LeucineIsoleucineSerine ThreoninePhenylalanineTyrosine TryptophanCysteineCystine MethionineProlineHydroxyproline LysineArginineHistidine Aspartic acidGlutamic acidAsparagine Glutamine

7. Energy Concentrates General properties NutrientGrainsFats and oilsSugar or Food By-products EnergyHigh (77-90% TDN) Very high (189% TDN) High (80-90% TDN) Crude fiberLow (< 18% CF or 32% NDF) Very low ( Unless fed as a component of an oil seed) Low Protein: QuantityLow (8-15% CP) Very low (Unless fed as a component of oil seed) Very low QualityLow Deficient AA: Lysine, tryptophan Excess AA: Leucine --

8. NutrientGrainsFats and oilsSugar or Food By- products Minerals: CalciumLow (0.02%) Low Phosphorus: QuantityHigher than forages (0.3%) Low (Unless fed as oil seed) Low AvailabilityLow in nonruminants Why? High in ruminants Why? Low in nonruminants High in ruminants - Sodium chloride Low (Unless Food waste)

9. NutrientGrainsFats and oilsSugar or Food By- products Vitamins: Vitamin A (Carotene) Low (Except for corn) Low Vitamin DLow Vitamin EFair Low B-vitamins: ThiaminHighLow NiacinHigh (Low availability for non-ruminants) Low Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B 12, Biotin Low

10. Grains Structure Bran –Fiber (Hemicellulose) Endosperm –Starch 98% of starch in kernel –Gluten 75% of protein in kernel Germ –Oil 81% of oil in kernel –Protein 23% of protein in kernel

11. Starch in Grains Major component of grains –70 to 75% of grain DM –Removed by grain processing Classes of starch –Amylose Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages Normally approximately 30% of starch –Amylopectin Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages w/ alpha- 1-6 branch points More rapidly digested than amylose Normally approximately 70% of starch

12. Factors affecting starch digestion in grains –Bran and endosperm protein matrix around starch Digestibility may be increased by cracking or grinding –Starch structure Starch chains are arranged in concentric circles as granules –Enzymes hydrolyze one layer at a time. »Limits rate of digestion –Heat treatments (steam flaking, popping etc.) destroy granular structure producing straight chains »Process is called gelatinization »Increases starch digestion

13. Oils in Grains Approximately 3 to 4% of grain DM –Concentrated in grain processing by-products like distillers grains Under current processing methods Triglycerides primarily containing unsaturated fatty acids.

14. Proteins in Grains 8 to 15% of grain DM –Concentrated in grain processing byproducts Quality –Deficient Lysine Tryptophan –Excess Leucine Ruminal degradability –Approximately 50 (Corn) - 75% (Small grains) –Low ruminal degradability is valuable in light weight calves and high producing dairy cows

15. Properties of Individual Grains Corn –56 lb/bu –High energy (88% TDN, DM basis) Improved 5 to 10% by processing –Low fiber (NDF, 10% of DM; highly digestible) –Low protein (8-10% of DM) Low lysine and tryptophan High leucine –Low Ca (0.03%) –Moderate P (0.30%) Approximately 50% of P is bound to phytate –Unavailable to nonruminants –Available to ruminants –High in beta-carotene –High in thiamin –High in niacin, but it’s unavailable to nonruminants –Low in other B vitamins

16. –Use of corn grain in livestock diets Swine and poultry –Only limited by the needs for supplemental nutrients and cost –Supplemental nutrients needed: Amino acids, available P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins, B vitamins Ruminants and horses –Limited by fiber requirements, supplemental nutrients, and cost –Fiber requirement primarily met by forage »Can be met for finishing cattle by whole corn grain or ground ear corn –Other supplemental nutrients needed: Crude protein, P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins

17. –Variations in corn composition Genetic variants –High lysine »Opaque-2 »Slightly higher in protein High in lysine and tryptophan Reduces amount of protein needed in nonruminant diets Must test for lysine »Limitations Lower yields Soft kernels Subject to ear rot –Waxy corn »100% amylopectin »Improve starch digestion »Variable improvements in animal performance

18. –High amylose corn »>50% amylose »Primarily used for wet milling of corn producing high fructose corn syrup. »Lower yield than normal varieties –High oil corn »7 to 8% oil »Improved feed efficiency and rate of gain in livestock diets »Primarily used for corn oil production –Considerations with genetically modified corn »Must prevent cross pollination »Lower yields of high lysine and high amylose corn »Must test for characteristic to properly use in diets

19. Other variations –High moisture corn »24-35% moisture »Ensiled in anerobic storage Preserved by lactic acid produced during fermentation Requires anerobic storage »Advantages Improves starch digestion Improves feed efficiency in cattle by 8 to 10% Allows for early harvest Doesn’t require drying »Limitation Must be marketed through livestock

20. –Ground ear corn »Also called corn and cob meal »Contains 20% cob »70 lb/bu »84% TDN, DM basis »7 to 8 % CP »28% NDF »Uses Not used for swine or poultry May be used for ruminants or horses If used, reduce the amount of forage in diet

21. Harmful constituents in corn grain –Aflatoxin Carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus molds on corn Particularly a problem in drought-stricken corn produced in hot (>85 o F), humid conditions Control –Rapid dryiing to < 15% moisture Use limits UseConcentration, ppb Pet foods< 10 Marketing, ethanol, young animals, dairy cattle < 20 Breeding beef cattle and swine, and mature poultry < 100 Finishing swine > 100 lb< 200 Finishing cattle< 300

22. Sorghum (Milo) –Drought resistant –Energy value Swine and poultry –95 to 98% the value of corn Ruminants –85 to 90% the value of corn Requires processing –8 to 12% Crude protein Most limiting amino acid: Lysine –Low Ca –Moderate P 50% of P bound to phytate –Uses in diets Can replace all corn in nonruminant and ruminant diets if processed

23. Oats –32 lb/bu –Very palatable –65 to 75% TDN (DM basis) –32% NDF (DM basis) Hulls are poorly digested (32% TDN) Groats (Dehulled oats have energy value = corn) –12% Crude protein (DM basis); limiting AA, lysine –0.09% Ca (DM basis) –0.38% P (DM basis), 50% phytate bound –Uses of oat grain in rations Poultry, growing/finishing swine (< 60 lb) lactating sows, or finishing beef cattle rations –Can replace < 20% of the corn Growing/finishing pigs (> 100 lb) –Can replace 40% of corn Lactating dairy cows, growing calves (Creep feed), or gestating sows –Can replace 50% of corn Horses –Can replace 100% of corn

24. Barley –Energy Ruminants –83% TDN (90% value of corn) Swine –80% value of corn –19% NDF (DM basis), poorly digested –12% CP (DM basis); limiting amino acid, lysine –Uses in rations Should be rolled and not finely ground Finishing cattle, growing/finishing pigs, or gestating sows –Can replace 100% of the grain –Care needed to prevent bloat in feedlot cattle Lactating sows –Can replace 85% of the grain Dairy cows –Can replace 50% of the grain Growing pigs (<60 lb) –Can replace 25% of the grain

25. Wheat –Energy 90% TDN (DM basis) –Starch properties Very rapidly digested –May cause lactic acidosis and bloat in cattle Floury powder –Becomes doughy in mouth if finely ground »Reduces palatability –Should be coarsely ground –Low fiber, but contains xylans Must be supplemented with xylanase if fed to poultry –12-14% CP (DM basis) Limiting amino acid; lysine –Biotin present, but in bound form

26. –Uses of wheat in livestock diets Gestating, lactating, and growing/finishing pigs –< 95% of the grain Broiler and layers –< 85% of diet »Requires a pigmenting agent and xylanase »Fat in wheat-fed broilers is firmer than in corn-fed broilers Finishing beef cattle; dairy cattle; and growing pigs (< 60 lb) –< 50 % of the grain

27. Rye –83% TDN (DM basis) –Starch properties resemble wheat –12% CP (DM basis) –Very unpalatable –May contain ergot A fungus producing toxic alkaloids –Lysergic acid –6,8 dimethylergoline These alkaloids cause vasoconstriction –Abortions –Gangrene resulting in loss of hooves, tails, and ears –Uses in rations Weanling pigs, young cattle. or dairy cattle –Do not use as grain Growing/finishing swine or cattle –< 33% of diet Lactating sows –< 40% of diet Gestating sows –No limit

28. Triticale –A hybrid of wheat and rye –78% TDN (DM basis) –Starch properties similar to wheat –15% CP; limiting amino acid, lysine –Unpalatable –Susceptible to ergot –Use in rations Growing/finishing swine and beef cattle –< 50% of the diet Gestating sows –< 25% of the diet Young pigs and cattle, or dairy cattle –Do not feed triticale grain

29. Additional considerations regarding grains Drought-stressed grains –Results in low test weight grains Less starch, more fiber –A problem for nonruminants with high energy requirements and low feed intake (Nursery pigs or lactating sows) Silages –Often the most effective use of cereal grains for ruminants