1. Super Combo The previous generation CNT, LDT, NGT

2. 2 JKK HOM –The primary purpose of running basic open hole logs is to provide petrophysical evaluation of subsurface formations. –Our clients want to know how much oil and/or gas is down hole. We cannot do this directly BUT provide the information necessary to determine the volume of water downhole, from which the volume of hydrocarbons can be inferred. S w + S hc = 1

3. 3 JKK HOM Simplified to : Archie’s equation : So what do we have : CNL/LDL give us porosity & density of formation MSFL/ Laterlog + Induction tools give us resistivity

4. 4 JKK HOM Intro  LDT  CNT  NGT Am I going back in time ???? Why would I want to discuss these tools????

5. 5 JKK HOM A slide we often see in PEX presentations Compares the length of the HILT with The old super combo. But true to SLB ways never put down the Old for the new. A slide you will see less often Supercombo PEX 90 ft 38 ft

6. 6 JKK HOM The Ratings for the Super combo (as well as the cheaper pricing) has kept it in the market.

7. 7 JKK HOM Let’s start with the LDT…

8. 8 JKK HOM Principal Applications Determining the formation density Determining the formation lithology Determining the formation porosity.

9. 9 JKK HOM Gamma Ray Interactions - Review High Energy GR emitted from chemical source Reacts with matter in formation Type of interaction dependent on GR energy level Source used is Cesium-137, 662 Kev Hence Compton Scattering and P.E. Absorption occur Photoelectric Absorption Compton Scattering Pair Production GR < 100 KevGR > 100 Kev GR > 1.02 Mev

10. 10 JKK HOM Density Physics - Compton Scattering Ne = Rho b * Z * Na / A Rho e = Rho b * ( 2 Z / A) ## ( 2 Z / A) ~ 1 Rho e  Rho b Electron density index and Bulk Density (Ne)Number of electrons in one gram-atom (A)Atomic weight - the mass of an atom (grams/gram-atom). (Z)Atomic number (Z) - the number of electrons in a neutral atom (electrons/atom). (Na) Avogadro's number (Na ) - the number of atoms in a gram-atom (6.02 x 10 23 ). (Rho b )Bulk density (Rho e )Electron density index

11. 11 JKK HOM Density Corrections Differences exist between  bulk (actual bulk density of formation)  electron (electron density of formation)  apparent (what the tool measures) Most times the corrections are negligible Correction charts are available Tool is calibrated for water filled LIMESTONE Hence zero correction for Limestone

12. 12 JKK HOM Density Physics - Photoelectric Absorption Reaction occurs at Low Energy à GR < 100 Kev GR interacts with shell electrons à Absorption Shell electrons related to à Z Atomic number Higher Z means higher PE absorption Count the GR reaching tool after the interactions measure PEF à (PEF = (z/ 10 ) 3.6 ) Knowing... PEF (Z) à LITHOLOGY

13. 13 JKK HOM Density and PEF - common minerals and liquids

14. 14 JKK HOM Density Nuclear Spectrum Energy Count Rate GRDetectorElectronics Spectrum After interaction with the formation, GR reaches crystal Incident GR have different energy levels Both.. Energy and Counts of the GR are of interest Detector pulse height proportional to GR energy The pulses are then sorted and counted by electronics The count rate vs energy distribution is called Spectrum The Spectrum will vary with formation - (GR interactions)

15. 15 JKK HOM Nuclear Spectrum - Regions Count/Sec Region of Photoelectric Effect (  & Z Information) Region of Compton Scattering (  Information Only) Source Energy 662 keV Lithology Window Energy keV Density Window

16. 16 JKK HOM Spectrum Stabilization Reference R/A source 1  cu, 662 Kev is used This has a small spectrum centered at 662 Kev Therefore Photomultiplier High Voltage is adjusted. CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK LOOP GRDetector Energy Count Rate Spectrum Detector level/gain (e.g. temperature) can shift the spectrum Energy Count Rate PM High Voltage 662 Kev Reference Source

17. 17 JKK HOM So what’s the difference … 2 detectors… Spine and Ribs…

18. 18 JKK HOM Increasing hmc @ hmc=infinity Tool reads mud density Actual Formation density n ls n ss When Ln (n Ls ), Ln (n ss ) is plotted we obtain the straight line called the Spine. In the logging environment the points do not fall on the Spine

19. 19 JKK HOM Enough Density!!! CNL….

20. 20 JKK HOM Principal Applications  Porosity Analysis  Lithology Identification  Clay Analysis  Gas detection

21. 21 JKK HOM Formation Interaction Neutron Source Short Spaced Detector Long Spaced Detector Borehole Formation Thermal Phase

22. 22 JKK HOM Neutrons Fast Neutrons with energy in excess of 0.1 MeV. Epithermal Neutrons with energy between 10 eV and 0.4 eV. Thermal Neutrons in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings with an average kinetic energy of 0.025 eV.

23. 23 JKK HOM Life cycle of a Neutron…. Diffusion & Capture Slowing down

24. 24 JKK HOM 3 significant elements … HYDROGEN very effective in slowing down Neutrons CHLORINE is a good absorber (Capture) CADMIUM - excellent as a shield Hydrogen Index = grams of H/cc in the formation grams of H/cc in H20 at 75C

25. 25 JKK HOM but….  GAS EFFECT : In gas-filled pore space, the hydrogen density is much less than if the same pore-space is liquid-filled. CNT reads much less than if the same pore space is liquid- filled.  SHALE EFFECT : Shales contain a high concentration of hydrogen in the form of hydroxils associated with the shale matrix. CNT will read a high apparent porosity in shale.  EFFECT OF NEUTRON ABSORBERS : If the formation contains neutron absorbers like Chlorine or Gadolinium, then the number of thermal neutrons reaching the detectors shall be reduced. C NT will read less porosity

26. 26 JKK HOM CNT LQC…

27. 27 JKK HOM NGT – Natural GR Spectrometry Uses of GR: - Definition of shale beds - Indicator of shale content - Detection of radioactive and non-RA minerals -Identification of formation tops NGS Applications - Identification of radioactive sands that may be misinterpreted as shales - Identification of different types of shales/clays - Complex lithology analysis.

28. 28 JKK HOM Measures : # gamma rays the energy level of each (i.e. Spectrum) => permits the determination of the concentrations of RA K, Th & U

29. 29 JKK HOM The tool it self Cartridge below the sonde. 12” long, 1 ¾” diameter NaI optically couple with a photomultiplier. Uses ref GR source Am 241 – for continuous energy calibration of the tool  behavior of the detector vs temp is unpredictable so stabilization is essential.

30. 30 JKK HOM NGT LQC…

31. 31 JKK HOM Carbonate Reservoirs Thorium and Potassium  shale or marls Uranium  organic material (bituminous rock, source rocks ), stylolites, ( with insolubles) or phosphates. => Here the thorium, potassium and CGR curve is a more accurate indication of shaliness

32. 32 JKK HOM Sandstones Thorium  clay content Potassium  Mica, Potassium Feldspars, Ilite Uranium  organic matter

33. 33 JKK HOM So why the Super Combo …. PRICE: The super combo is at least 30% cheaper than the PEX. Cheap Rig time – big buyers HI-temp deep wells – over PEX ratings –Super combo usually the best alternative Winner of market share where client is resistant to change