1. Caucasus BalticsFormer Soviet Republics Central AsiaEastern Europe * Tajikistan data from year 1993 ** Turkmenistan data from year 1990 Older Population in the ECA Region Source: Official CIS Data. 1997. U.S. Bureau of the Census. International Database. 1998. Graph 1

2. Older People in Transition Economies: An Overview of their Plight in the ECA Region Ayse Kudat Nadia H. Youssef The World Bank 1999

3. Projected Changes in the Median Age of Populations Eastern Europe Central Asia Former Soviet RepublicsBalticsCaucasus 199020102025 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Aging in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. International Population Report. P 95/9 2-3. 1993. Graph 2

4. Country Differentials in Current and Projected Life Expectancy at Birth Source: US Bureau of the Census. Demographic Indicators: 1997. Eastern Europe Central Asia Former Soviet Republics BalticsCaucasus Graph 3

5. Projected Changes in Gender Ratios for People Older than 65 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, An Aging World, Averting Old Age Crisis: Technical Annex, Table 6, 1993. Eastern EuropeBalticsOther Former USSR Countries Graph 4

6. Caucasus Central Asia Projected Changes in Gender Ratios for People Older than 65 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, An Aging World, Averting Old Age Crisis: Technical Annex, Table 6, 1993. Graph 5

7. * As percent of total population of elderly within each country Source : CIS Data, 1997. US Bureau of the Census, 1997. Distribution of People Older than 60 in CIS Countries Graph 6 Other Former USSR Countries CaucasusCentral Asia Georgia is not included in Caucasus region due to lack of data.

8. Share of Rural Population in ECA Countries Source: Official Statistics of CIS, 1997. United Nations, 1995. Graph 7 Other Former USSR Countries Central Asia Eastern Europe Caucasus Georgia is not included in Caucasus region and Estonia is the only representative of Baltic States due to lack of data.

9. People Older than 60 in Rural and Urban ECA Source: Official Statistics of CIS. 1997. 1-percents of older people in total rural population 2-percents of older people in total urban population 1 2 Graph 8

10. Old Age Support Ratios for Persons Older than 60 (Current and Projected) * Old Age Support Ratio= Population over 60 / Working Age Population (20-64) Source: Robert Palacios, Averting the Old Age Crisis, Policy Research Working Paper 1572, Poverty and Human Resources Division, The World Bank, 1996, Technical Annex. Eastern EuropeCentral Asia Other Former USSR CountriesBalticsCaucasus Graph 9

11. Growth in the Pensions as Share of the GDP in Selected Transition Socialist Economies Graph 10 Source: World Bank estimates and OECD - 1988. *Refers to main scheme only **Average of 21 OECD countries from 1980 to 1988 for 12 countries and 1990 for 9 countries.

12. Pension Spending as Share of Government Expenditures in Selected Eastern European Countries Graph 11 *1981 **Main scheme only Source: World Bank estimates - 1988.

13. Graph 12 Ethnicity and Age in Bulgaria Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)

14. Graph 13 * University includes the technical education as well. Educational Background among Ethnic Groups in Bulgaria Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)

15. Graph 14 Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) Income and Expenditure in Bulgaria

16. Labor Force Participation in Sectors by Ethnic Groups in Bulgaria Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) Graph 15

17. Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Sector in Ukraine Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis) Graph 27

18. Rural / Urban Dimensions of Ethnicity in Ukraine Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis) Graph 33

19. Graph 16 Economic Participation by Age Groups Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) Household Members Regularly Employed in the Past 30 days (% of people) Land Ownership (% of households) Employed (58%) Not employed (42%) Own land (58%) Do not own land (58%) Employment, Land Ownership and Current Work Status in Bulgaria

20. Graph 17 Sources of Income by Household Type in Bulgaria * Other Sources = Income from second job and/or agricultural activities, etc.. Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)

21. Graph 18 Sources of Income by Age Groups in Bulgaria * Benefits = Unemployment+maternity+stipend+medical+transportation **Pension = Private+public+survival+disabled Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)

22. Percent of utilities in non-food expenditures in Bulgaria Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) * Other = Electricity, monthly maintenance fees, services Utility Payments by Household Type in Bulgaria Graph 19 Utility Payments -- Bulgaria

23. Graph 20 Distribution of Expenditures by Household Type in Bulgaria Source: Bulgaria Living Standards Measurement Survey, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)

24. Graph 21 Household Access to Basic Utilities in Hungary Source: Hungary Household Budget and Poverty Survey. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis) General Availability of UtilitiesAvailability of Utilities by Household Type

25. Graph 24 Age-Specific Poverty Headcount Indices in Ukraine Source: Michelle Ribaud and Hoaguan Chu, 1997. Pension Reform, Growth and the Labor Market in Ukraine. The World Bank. Graph 3.2.

26. Graph 25 Perceived Living Standards in Ukraine Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)

27. Household Financial Status in Ukraine Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis) Graph 26

28. Graph 28 Occupation by Age Groups in Ukraine *Out of a company = Running own business or working at a land plot. Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis) Job Status by Age Groups in Ukraine Occupation and Job Status by Age Groups in Ukraine

29. Graph 29 Labor Force Participation Rates by Age in Ukraine Source: Michelle Ribaud and Hoaguan Chu, 1997. Pension Reform, Growth and the Labor Market in Ukraine. The World Bank. Chart 1 (reproduced).

30. Source: Michelle Ribaud and Hoaguan Chu, 1997. Pension Reform, Growth and the Labor Market in Ukraine. The World Bank. Chart 2 (reproduced). Graph 30 Labor Force Participation in the Overall and Formal Economy in Ukraine

31. Graph 31 Sources of Income by Household Type in Ukraine *Help received from organizations, charities and foundations Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)

32. Graph 32 Household Expenses by Household Type in Ukraine Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)

33. Graph 34 Ownership of Land and Housing in Ukraine Do you have any land plots in use? Did you pay for your housing? Yes No Did you receive housing subsidy? Type of Tenancy Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis)

34. Graph 35 Household Access to Basic Utilities in Ukraine Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis) Availability of Utilities Utility Usage by Households

35. Graph 36 Health Conditions in Ukraine * Clinics include district & commercial ** Doctors include private & family doctors 14-29 30-44 45-59 60 & over Source: Ukraine Poverty Survey, The World Bank, 1996. (own analysis) Do you suffer any illness? Frequency of Doctor Visit Less than 3 months ago Over 12 months ago 3-6 months ago 6-12 months ago Type of doctors visited in the last month

36. Graph 23 Household Access to Basic Utilities in Estonia Source: Estonia Household Budget and Poverty Survey. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis) General Availability of UtilitiesAvailability of Utilities by Household Type

37. Graph 39 Ownership of Agricultural Assets in Azerbaijan * Vehicles include trucks, tractors, carts and trailers Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)

38. Graph 37 Reasons for not looking for work last year - Azerbaijan Sectors in which a job is sought in Azerbaijan Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) Seeking Work in Azerbaijan

39. Graph 38 Ownership of Household Durables in Azerbaijan Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis)

40. Graph 40 Health status in the past 4 weeks Health consultations received in the past 4 weeks Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) Not received (29%) Received (71%) Health Consultations and Health Status in Azerbaijan

41. Graph 41 Health care facility preferences Physician preferences by households Source: Azerbaijan Survey of Living Conditions, The World Bank, 1995. (own analysis) Health Care in Azerbaijan

42. Income of Urban Pensioner and Non-Pensioner Households in Kyrgyzstan Graph 42 Jalal-AbadBishkekOsh Source: Kyrgyz Republic Urban Transport Project Social Assessment, The World Bank, 1998.

43. Sources of Income -- Estonia, Kyrgyzstan and Hungary Source: Household Budget and Poverty Surveys. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis). Graph 43

44. Sources of Income by Household Type -- Estonia, Kyrgyzstan and Hungary KYRGYZSTANESTONIA HUNGARY Wages Self - employment Pensions Other Income Source: Household Budget and Poverty Surveys. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis) Graph 22

45. Graph 44 Household Access to Basic Utilities in Kyrgyzstan Source: The Kyrgyz Republic Household Budget and Poverty Survey. The World Bank. 1993 - 1995. (own analysis) General Availability of UtilitiesAvailability of Utilities by Household Type