1. Extending the Internet Throughout the Physical World
Keynote to
The EC-US Taskforce on
Biotechnology Research
Arlington, VA
Sept 9, 2001
Larry Smarr
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD
Director, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology

2. Towards a Global Biological Knowledge Grid
Capture and Integrate Multiple Scales of Science
Genomes, Proteins, Metabolic Pathways
Cellular Systems
Organism Models
Ecological Systems
Geographic Biodiversity
Environmental Interactions
Adapting to the Emerging Information Infrastructure
Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime
Distributed Sensors, Data, People, Computers
From the Web to the Grid
Highly Parallel Light Waves Through Fiber
Emergence of a Distributed Planetary Computer

3. Dynamic Growth in Mobile Internet Forecast of Internet users worldwide
3G Adds Mobility, QoS, and High Speeds
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Mobile Internet
Fixed Internet
Subscribers (millions)
Source: Ericsson

4. California Has Undertaken a Grand Experiment in Partnering
The California Institute for Bioengineering,
Biotechnology,
and Quantitative Biomedical Research
The Center for
Information Technology Research
in the Interest of Society
UCD
UCB
UCM
UCSF
The California
NanoSystems Institute
UCSC
The California Institute
for Telecommunications
and Information Technology
UCSB
UCLA
UCI
UCSD

5. Source: Phil Papadopoulos, SDSC
The UCSD “Living Grid Laboratory”— Fiber, Wireless, Compute, Data, Software
Commodity Internet, Internet2
CENIC’s ONI, Cal-REN2, Dig. Cal.
PACI Distributed Terascale Facility
Wireless WAN
Wireless LANs
SIO
SDSC CS
Chem
Med
Eng. / Cal-(IT)2
Hosp
High-speed optical core
½ Mile
Source: Phil Papadopoulos, SDSC

6. The High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network
Cal-(IT)2 Will Build on This Pioneering Experiment
Add New Ecological Sensor Arrays
Try Out New Wireless Technologies
Data Analysis
Outreach and Education
NSF Funded
PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC, UCSD
Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO, UCSD
45mbps Duplex Backbone

7. As Our Bodies Move On-Line Bioengineering and Bioinformatics Merge
New Sensors—Israeli Video Pill
Battery, Light, & Video Camera
Images Stored on Hip Device
Next Step—Putting You On-Line!
Wireless Internet Transmission
Key Metabolic and Physical Variables
Model -- Dozens of 25 Processors and 60 Sensors / Actuators Inside of our Cars
Post-Genomic Individualized Medicine
Combine
Genetic Code
Body Data Flow
Use Powerful AI Data Mining Techniques
FDA Approved
Aug. 2001

8. Adding Brilliance to Wireless Sensors With Systems-on-Chip
Critical New Role of
Power Aware Systems
Applications
Internet
Radio
Sensors
Embedded
Software
Protocol
Processors
Processors
Memory
DSP
Ad Hoc Hierarchical Network
of Brilliant Sensors
Source: Sujit Dey, UCSD ECE

9. Moore’s Law— Simple 2D Shrinking Reaches End by 2015
Intel8080
1 million transistors
1000nm
Intel386
Intel486
Pentium
100 million
PentiumPro
Feature size
(nanometers)
Now I’d like to discuss some specific MTO programs beginning with Microelectronics. Over the past decades a major driver for silicon microelectronics research has been Moore’s Law which conjectures the continued shrinkage of critical chip dimensions. Progress has become so predictable that the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) has developed a Road-Mapping approach to setting the challenges to sustaining progress and the materials and material processing research community has successfully met these challenges, maintaining a steady stream of results supporting continued scaling of Si-CMOS devices to smaller dimensions.
Recent DARPA programs have looked beyond this road mapping process. Only a few years ago modeling predicted that scaling CMOS below 70nm would not be possible, but this year we have demonstrated devices with useful transistor characteristics having critical dimensions approaching 10nm. With the industry only beginning to gear up for the 100nm generation, and many problems remain to be addressed, this result provides assurance for significantly extending the potential life of scaled CMOS. The real challenge now is how to we take full advantage of what microsystems a billion-transistor chip will make possible. One real possibility will be micro-Systems-On-A-Chip (SOC) enabling new architectural approaches to information processing facilitated by these capabilities.
Having achieved 10 nm transistors, analysis indicates that for the future we really are approaching hard physical limits where quantum effects dominate performance of these classic MOS devices. However, our insights leave us confident that alternative technologies will allow extending operation to even smaller dimensions and to investigate these possibilities we are launching programs exploring the nano-scale domain of Beyond Scaled-Silicon CMOS. We believe that achieving integration on this scale will revolutionize the way we process information within Microsystems, and perhaps more significant than the results for traditional applications, we expect they will have major impact on the emerging intersection of Bio: Info: Micro worlds.
100nm
PentiumIII
IA-64
10 billion 15
DARPA
Nanosciences
10nm
Molecular Electronics/
Quantum / Bio
3-D CMOS + - HYBRIDS
1nm
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050 ?
Bipolar, NMOS
CMOS
Source: Shankar Sastry, DARPA ITO

10. The Perfect Storm: Convergence of Engineering with Bio, Physics, & IT
2 mm
Nanogen
MicroArray
500x
Magnification
MEMS
VCSELaser
5 nanometers
Human Rhinovirus
IBM Quantum Corral
Iron Atoms on Copper
400x
Magnification
NANO
Nanobioinfotechnology

11. Why the Grid is the Future
Scientific American, January 2001

12. Layered Software Approach to Building the Planetary Grid
Science Portals & Workbenches
Twenty-First Century Applications
Computational Services P e r f o m a n c
Networking, Devices and Systems
Grid Services
(resource independent)
Grid Fabric
(resource dependent)
Access Services & Technology
Access
Grid
Computational
“A source book for the history
of the future” -- Vint Cerf
Edited by Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman

13. Sloan Digital Sky Survey
The Grid Physics Network Is Driving the Creation of an International Grid
Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs
Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant
20 Institutions Involved
Built on Globus Middleware
Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, Compact Muon Selenoid, A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LHC
CMS
ATLAS

14. The EUROGRID Creates an EU Virtual Machine Room
UNICORE
Java Middleware
Driven by Applications
Links to Key Databases
One Interface to Multiple Machines

15. STAR TAP: Science Technology And Research Transit Access Point
Canada
Japan
Korea (2)
Taiwan
Singapore (2)
Australia (2)
China
Norway
Iceland
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Russia
France
Netherlands
CERN
Israel
Ireland
Belgium
Europe/DANTE
United Kingdom
Chile, Brazil ANSP, Brazil RNP, Mexico
US: Abilene, DREN, ESnet, NISN, NREN, vBNS/vBNS+
(Abilene ITN)
(CA*net3 ITN)

16. Star Light International Wavelength Switching Hub
Asia-Pacific
SURFnet, CERN
CANARIE
Seattle
Portland
NYC
Asia-Pacific
TeraGrid
Caltech
SDSC
*ANL, UIC, NU, UC, IIT, MREN
AMPATH
AMPATH
Source: Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown

17. The NSF TeraGrid Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure
This will Become the National Backbone to Support Multiple
Large Scale Science and Engineering Projects
Applications
Visualization
NCSA
8 TF
4 TB Memory
240 TB disk
Caltech
0.5 TF
0.4 TB Memory
86 TB disk
Argonne
1 TF
0.25 TB Memory
25 TB disk
TeraGrid Backbone (40 Gbps)
SDSC
4.1 TF
2 TB Memory
250 TB disk
Compute
Data

18. Advancing Realism in Modeling Cell Structures
Pre-Blue Horizon (mid-1990s):
Model Electrostatic Forces of a Structure up to 50,000 Atoms
a Single Protein or Small Assembly
Pre-TeraGrid (2001):
Model One Million Atoms
Simulate Drawing a Drug Molecule Through a Microtubule or Tugging RNA Into a Ribosome
TeraGrid (2003):
Models of 10 Million Atoms
Model Function, Structure Movement, and Interaction at the Cellular Level for Drug Design and to Understand Disease
Baker, N., Sept, D., Joseph, S., Holst, M., and McCammon, J. A. PNAS 98: (2001)
Source: Fran Berman

19. Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD
Prototyping the Grid Cyber-Infrastructure for a Biomedical Imaging Research Network
Forming a National-Scale Grid
Federating Multi-Scale Neuro-Imaging
Data from Centers with High Field MRI and Advanced 3D Microscopes
Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD
BIRN
Deep Web
Duke
UCLA
Cal Tech
Harvard
UCSD
NCRR Imaging
and Computing
Resources UCSD
Wireless “Pad”
Web Interface
Surface Web
SDSC
Cal-(IT)2
Part of the UCSD CRBS Center for Research on Biological Structure

20. Creating a Virtual Global Research Lab
From Telephone Conference Calls to Access Grid International Video Meetings
Creating a Virtual Global Research Lab
Access Grid Lead-Argonne
NSF STARTAP Lead-UIC’s Elec. Vis. Lab

21. Vast Data Sets Will Require High Resolution Data Analysis Facilities
Celera
Control Room
SDSC
Cal-(IT)2
Control Room
SIO
Cox Communications
Teraburst Networks
Panoram Technologies
Newsday Photo
Ira Schwarz

22. Grid-Enabled Collaborative Analysis of Ecosystem Dynamics Datasets
Chesapeake Bay Data in Collaborative Virtual Environment

23. Common Portal Architecture Customized for Biological Sciences
Web Browser - Portal Interface
State Values
User Preferences
Portal Engine
Analysis Tools
- Genome, Protein, &
Metabolic Pathways
- Cellular Models
- Integrative Systems
- Species Identification
- GIS Biodiversity
- Data Mining
- ...
Data Gather
HTML
XML
Legacy and Problem Specific
Databases, Collections, & Literature

24. A Global IT Strategy Is Needed to Integrate the Emerging Plant Genomes

25. Immense Computing Power Will Be Required to Lead in Post-Genomic Research
”We Don’t Need an Evolution in Computing, We Need a Revolution”—Craig Venter
Sandia and Celera Will Collaborate On:
Advanced Algorithms
Visualization Technologies for Analyzing Massive Quantities of Experimental Data From High-Throughput Instruments
Equivalent to 100,000 Pentium 4’s!
Prototype by 2004

26. Biology is at the Leading Edge of Using the Emerging Planetary Computer
Application Software Has Been Downloaded to Over 30,000 PCs
Over 500 CPU-Years Computed
Total Storage 50 Terabytes, Peak Speed 13 Teraflops
Art Olson,
The Scripps
Research
Institute
In Silico
Drug Design

27. A Planetary MegaComputer— Distributed Computing & Mass Storage
Napster Meets !
Assume Ten Million PCs in Five Years
Average Speed Ten GigaFLOP
Average Free Storage 100 GB
Planetary Computer Capacity
100,000 TetaFLOP Speed
1 Million Terabyte Storage
Global Distributed Server for Mobile Clients

28. Will a New Form of Intelligence Join Human Kind?
1 Million x
Will the Grid Become Self-
Organizing
Powered
Aware?
Source: Hans Moravec