1. Section 18.1 Radioactivity 1.Define Radiocarbon Dating and list three items that have been radiocarbon dated and the significant findings of the results. 2.Describe, define, draw the 3 water cycles of a nuclear power generation facility. 3.Describe 3 safety control procedures to help prevent a nuclear meltdown. 4.Detail the 3 major nuclear reactor “incidents”. 5.List the options for short term and long term storage or disposal of spent nuclear fuel rods. Objectives

2. Section 18.1 Radioactivity 1.To learn the types of radioactive decay 2.To learn to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay 3.To learn how one element may be changed to another by particle bombardment 4.To learn about radiation detection instruments 5.To understand half-life Objectives

3. Section 18.1 Radioactivity nucleons – particles found in the nucleus of an atom –protons –neutrons atomic number (Z) – number of protons in the nucleus mass number (A) – sum of the number of protons and neutrons A Review of Atomic Terms

4. Section 18.1 Radioactivity isotopes – atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers In other words, the same number of protons, different # of neutrons nuclide – a general term for each unique atom Parent-daughter nuclides - A Review of Atomic Terms

5. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Radiation – general term for energy radioactive – nucleus which spontaneously decomposes forming a different nucleus and producing one or more particles nuclear equation – shows the radioactive decomposition of an element

6. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Alpha Particle – helium nucleus 4 2 He Beta negative Particle – electron 0 -1 e Beta positive Particle 0 1 e Gamma Ray – high energy photon – nucleus does not change mass # or atomic # A  ???? + B. Electron Capture**A + 0 -1 e  B 0 -1 e Types of Radioactive Decay

7. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Why do these parent nuclides decay? The daughter nuclides are more stable- Radioactive Decay

8. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Ionizing Radiation has the potential of altering DNA… Blinky Real or not? Who lives in a pineapple under the sea?

9. Section 18.1 Radioactivity

10. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Alpha-particle production Alpha particle – helium nucleus 4 2 He –Examples Net effect is loss of 4 in mass number and loss of 2 in atomic number.

11. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Alpha particle – helium nucleus 4 2 He –Write the Nuclear Decay Reaction of Ra-226 by alpha emission… 4 2 He – 226 88 Ra  + 4 2 He –What would happen if Rn underwent alpha decay? – 222 86 Rn 

12. Section 18.1 Radioactivity Alpha particle – helium nucleus 4 2 He Write the Alpha Decay Equation for: Po-210 210 84 Po  238 92 U  230 90 Th  218 84 Po  214 84 Po  Nature of Stability is due to proton arrangement Stability predictions related to Mass # and Molar Mass

13. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Beta negative-particle production Where does the e- come from?? Net effect is to change a neutron to a proton because a neutron is made up of a proton and electron… 1 0 n  1 +1 p + 0 -1 e Beta particle – electron 0 -1 e –Examples

14. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Beta neg particle – electron 0 -1 e Write the beta decay equation for: 227 89 Ac  + 0 -1 e 14 6 C  227 89 Ac 

15. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Beta Positive particle (positron) 0 1 e Net effect is to change a proton to a neutron. Think of the proton as being a neutron (proton and e-) with an extra positron Positron – particle with same mass as an electron but with a positive charge

16. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Positron production 0 1 e Write the Positron Production equation for: 13 7 N  + 0 1 e 38 19 K  15 8 O 

17. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Gamma ray release Net effect is no change in mass number or atomic number. A  A + energy Lower energy, more stable Gamma ray – high energy photon (energy)

18. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Electron capture 0 -1 e –Explain this on a subatomic (nucleon) level…

19. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Electron capture 0 -1 e –When a nucleus grabs an inner orbital e- transforming a proton to a neutron –What else is happening in this example?

20. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Electron capture 0 -1 e Write the e- capture equation for: 73 33 As + 0 -1 e  40 19 K 137 57 La

21. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay

22. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Decay series and Nuclear Particles Video

23. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Tell what kind of decay these undertake: 116 47 Ag  + 116 48 Cd 211 83 Bi  + 207 81 Tl 15 8 O  + 15 7 N 210 89 Ac  + 206 87 Fr 131 53 I  + 131 54 Xe 88 35 Br  + 88 35 Br

24. Section 18.1 Radioactivity A. Radioactive Decay Write the decay equation for: 226 88 Ra by alpha 214 82 Pb by beta 11 6 C by positron 195 79 Au by e- capture

25. Section 18.1 Radioactivity B. Nuclear Transformations Nuclear transformation – change of one element to another Bombard elements with particles (reverse of decay…)

26. Section 18.1 Radioactivity B. Nuclear Transformations Transuranium elements – elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 which have been synthesized

27. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half- life Geiger-Muller counter – instrument which measures radioactive decay by registering the ions and electrons produced as a radioactive particle passes through a gas- filled chamber VIDEO

28. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half- life Half-life – time required for half of the original sample of radioactive nuclides to decay VIDEOS Will the original quantity ever be depleted?

29. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. The Concept of Half- Life Given the half life of Pa-234 is 1.2 minutes, what fraction of the original sample will remain after 7.2 minutes? 6 half-lives 1.56% How many half lives need to pass until the original amount is essentially depleted? 12? 14? 16? How much time would it take to pass 16 ½ lives?

30. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. The Concept of Half- Life Given the half life of U-238 is 4.5 X 10 9 years (4.5 billion), what how long until the original amount is essentially depleted?

31. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. The Concept of Half- Life If the half life of Ra-223 is 12 days, how long will it take for a sample containing 1.0 mol of Ra-223 to reach a point where it only contains 0.25 mol of Ra-223?

32. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. The Concept of Half- Life “Glow in the dark” time pieces used to made with Ra-228 paint. Assuming that 8.0 X 10 -7 mol of Ra- 228 was originally used to paint the number 3 and that many years later only 1.0 X 10 -7 mol of Ra-228 remained on the 3, approximate the age of the watch. ½ life Ra-228 = 6.7 years

33. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half- life Achilles and the tortoise “In a race, the quickest runner can never overtake the slowest, since the pursuer must first reach the point whence the pursued started, so that the slower must always hold a lead.”— Aristotle, Physics VI:9, 239b15 AristotlePhysics Give a tortoise a head start…… The answer is obvious if you consider infinite converging theories…

34. Section 18.1 Radioactivity 1.To learn the types of radioactive decay 2.To learn to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay 3.To learn how one element may be changed to another by particle bombardment 4.To learn about radiation detection instruments 5.To understand half-life 6.Work Session: Page 869 # 11, 13, 18, 19, (B particle is e-), 27 (more or less) Objectives Review

35. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity 1.To learn how objects can be dated by radioactivity 2.To understand the use of radiotracers in medicine Objectives

36. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity A. Dating by Radioactivity Originated in 1940s by Willard Libby –Based on the radioactivity of carbon-14 Radiocarbon dating – not a precursor to chemistry.com Used to date wood and artifacts What kind of decay is this?

37. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity A. Dating by Radioactivity Radiocarbon dating C-14 is formed in the atmosphere by invading neutrons from space 14 7 N + 1 0 n  14 6 C + 1 1 H Over time, an equilibrium has resulted between the formation and decay of C-14 resulting in a constant concentration on the atmosphere. As plants photosynthesize, their C-14 content is the same as in the atmosphere. When a plant stops photosynthesizing, the C-14 begins to decay with ½ life = 5730 years. A wooden bowl with ½ the concentration of C-14 as in the atmosphere is approx 5730 years old…

38. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity B. Medical Applications of Radioactivity Radioactive nuclides that can be introduced into organisms and traced for diagnostic purposes. PHeT Dating Radiotracers

39. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity

40. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity

41. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity 550 – 750 AD Basketmakers 750-1100 AD Developmental Pueblo 1100 – 1300 AD Great Pueblo Period

42. Section 18.2 Application of Radioactivity 1.To learn how objects can be dated by radioactivity 2.To understand the use of radiotracers in medicine 3.Work Session: Attached to the last work session Objectives Review

43. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy 1.To introduce fission and fusion as sources of energy 2.To learn about nuclear fission and how a nuclear reactor works 3.To learn about nuclear fusion 4.To see how radiation damages human tissue 5.To use Einstein’s energy equation E = mc 2 Objectives

44. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy A. Nuclear Energy Two types of nuclear processes can produce energy –Splitting a heavy nucleus into 2 nuclei with smaller mass numbers - fission (take apart) (Nuclear Power Plants) –Combining 2 light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus - fusion (put together) (Sun’s Rx)

45. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy B. Nuclear Fission Releases 2.1  10 13 J/mol uranium-235 Each fission produces 3 neutrons

46. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy B. Nuclear Fission Chain reaction – self sustaining fission process caused by the production of neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei Critical mass – mass of fissionable material required to produce a chain reaction

47. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy B. Nuclear Bomb?

48. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy B. Nuclear Fission

49. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy C. Nuclear Reactors

50. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy C. Nuclear Reactors Reactor core control PHeT Fission

51. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy C. Nuclear Reactors Potential Hazards? Three Mile Island Middleton, Pa 4-1-79 Partial meltdown Chernobyl Ukraine, Russia, 4-27-86 Complete meltdown Approx 600,000 highly exposed people Covered by concrete sarcophagus Still Radioactive….

52. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy Fukushima, Japan 1, 212 March 11, 2011 Triple Meltdown after Tsunami August 2013 radioactive radiation still leaking into the ocean June 2013 Cs-134 Vancouver, BC concs 0.9 Bequerels/m 3 Safe Drinking Water standard 28 Beq/m 3

53. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy ICBM Missile

54. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy C. Nuclear Reactors and Nuclear Waste In the United States today, over 161 million people reside within 75 miles of temporarily stored nuclear waste. This opinion is reflected in a 1990 report from the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, which states that there is “a worldwide scientific consensus that deep geological disposal, the approach being followed by the United States, is the best option for disposing of highly radioactive waste.” http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0338.shtml Earthquake?

55. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy D. Nuclear Fusion Process of combining 2 light nuclei Produces more energy per mole than fission Powers the stars and sun

56. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy D. Nuclear Fusion Requires extremely high temperatures Currently not technically possible for us to use as an energy source 2 million Kelvins!! Cold Fusion claim…late 1980’s http://www.physorg.com/news131101595.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_fusion

57. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy D. Energy Calculations Einstein’s energy equation E = mc 2 E = energy released (J) m = mass difference between reactants and products (kg) C = speed of light 3.0 X 10 8 m/s Law of conservation of mass? Beam me up, Scotty…

58. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy D. Energy Calculations Einstein’s energy equation E = mc 2 How much energy will be released when 1 mole of Ra-226 decays by alpha emission to produce Rn-222. [J = kg(m 2 /s 2 )] 226 88 Ra  222 86 Rn + 4 2 He 1 mole  1 mole + 1 mole 226.0254 g  222.0175g + 4.0026g 0.0053g difference- where’d it go? E = mc 2

59. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy D. Energy Calculations Einstein’s energy equation E = mc 2 0.0053g difference- where’d it go? E = mc 2 E = ? m = 0.0053g = kg C = 3 X 10 8 m/s E = mc 2 = (5.3 X 10 -6 kg)(3 X 10 8 m/s) 2 E = 4.8 X 10 11 J

60. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy E. Effects of Radiation Energy of the radiation Penetrating ability of the radiation Ionizing ability of the radiation Factors Determining Biological Effects of Radiation Chemical properties of the radiation source

61. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy E. Effects of Radiation Alpha- stopped by skin Beta- cm depth Gamma- highly penetrating Ionization? Alpha- highly Gamma-occasional ionization Kr-85 and Sr-90 both Beta source Kr-noble, pass through system Sr- similar to Ca- leukemia, bone cancer

62. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy E. Effects of Radiation

63. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy E. Effects of Radiation

64. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy E. Effects of Radiation

65. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy E. Effects of Radiation Government Recommendation: < 500 mrems/yr X ray- dental…20 mrems X ray- chest…50 mrems Smoking… 10,000 mrems/yr Idaho Daily EPA RadNet MonitoringIdaho Daily EPA RadNet Monitoring

66. Section 18.3 Using the Nucleus as a Source of Energy 1.To introduce fission and fusion as sources of energy 2.To learn about nuclear fission and how a nuclear reactor works 3.To learn about nuclear fusion 4.To see how radiation damages human tissue 5.To use Einstein’s energy equation E = mc 2 6.Work Session: Review Page 870 # 35 Objectives Review

67. Section 18.1 Radioactivity C. Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half- life Scintillation counter – instrument which measures the rate of radioactive decay by sensing flashes of light that the radiation produces in the detector