1. Geo-referenced Information Processing System

2. ISPRS - 2002 Geoprocessing Technologies to collect and treat spatial information for a specific goal. Geoprocessing systems must provide storage, management, manipulation and analysis resources of geographically referred data. a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information.

3. ISPRS - 2002 GIS Structure Interface Input and Data Integration Geographical Data Base Query and Spatial Analysis Visualization Plotting Spatial Data Manager

4. ISPRS - 2002 SPRING is a state-of-the-art GIS and remote sensing image processing system Developed at INPE by Image Processing Department - DPI SPRING

5. ISPRS - 2002 A multi-platform system, with support for Windows95/98/NT, Linux and Solaris. Integration of raster and vector data representations in a single environment. New algorithms (spatial analysis). Totally free on http://www.dpi.inpe.br. Size: 36 MB. Training courses: http://www.dpi.inpe/cursos. SPRING

6. ISPRS - 2002 SPRING provides mechanisms to: combine information through manipulation and analysis algorithms, query, retrieve and display data base contents. create maps. SPRING integrates at the same database: Cartographic data. Census data. Urban and Rural Cadastral data. Remote sensing imagery. Network data. Digital Elevation data. SPRING

7. ISPRS - 2002 A map is a simple model from the real data. It represents a set of abstract entities over the Earth surface, usually with a defined scale. Vegetation Map What is a Map ?

8. ISPRS - 2002 Maps: several data sources and formats. SPRING treats: –Thematic Maps: qualitative measurements. –Numerical Maps: quantitative measurements. –Images: remote sensing data. –Cadastral Maps: objects in a map. –Networks Maps: special cadastral map. GIS Data Type

9. ISPRS - 2002 Thematic Maps Geographical regions defined by one or more polygons. Topological representation: Arc – Node - Region. Digitized data or from image classification. Stored as raster or vector. Slope Map Examples: Soil Map, Geologic Map, Slope Classes Map, Land Use/ Land Cover Map.

10. ISPRS - 2002 Phenomenon which has continuous variation in space, like terrain elevation, precipitation, soil and subsoil properties, pH, etc. are represented in Numerical Maps. Regular grids or triangular irregular networks (TIN) Topographical or Hypsometric Maps from Elevation values Cut and Fill earth analysis for roads and dams projects Slop and Exposition maps – geomorphology and erosion Geophysical and geo-chemical variable analysis and 3D visualization Numerical Maps

11. ISPRS - 2002 Classification methods are necessary to differentiate geographical objects. Characteristics: Spectral resolution, Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Temporal resolution. Image Obtained by satellites, aerial photographs or air transported scanners. Stored in matrix format. Value of each element - "pixel" is function of the target reflectance.

12. ISPRS - 2002 Geographical objects are represented in Cadastral Maps. Each geographical object has attributes stored in relational tables. A geographical object can have several graphical representations, depending on the map scale. Point, Lines and Polygons to describe the objects location. Stored in vector format, with arc-node-polygon topology. Cadastral Maps Block population Ex: Rural Property Map, Parcel Map, Block Map.

13. ISPRS - 2002 Special types of geographical objects are represented in Networks Maps. Each object has a exact geographical location and attributes in the data base. Stored in vector format, with arc-node topology: Arcs with flow direction and nodes as sources or "whirlpool", creating a graph. Since spatial data are simple, data base links are important. Applications should be adapted to user requirements. Examples: Public uility services as water, electrical power, and telephone. Drainage network (hodrographic basin). Road network Network Maps

14. ISPRS - 2002 SPRING Modules Impima – read images and convert formats (data ingestion) Spring – data input, processing and analysis Scarta – maps elaboration (layout) Auxiliary modules Iplot – printout the maps or save map files

15. ISPRS - 2002 IMPIMA Input BSQ BIL TIFF GEOTIFF RAW SITIM GRIB Output GRIB

16. ISPRS - 2002 Input TIFF RAW SITIM GRIB DXF ASCII ArcINFO ShapeFile Output TIFF RAW JPEG geotiff DXF ASCII ArcINFO ShapeFile SPRING

17. ISPRS - 2002 Input Infolayer of a Data Base and a Project Output File format Plotter format SCARTA

18. ISPRS - 2002 IPLOT Input IPL Output Printer Plotter PostScript GIF TIF GEOTIF JPG

19. ISPRS - 2002 SPRING Data Model How should be the data set modelled in the Database? Which types of category should be created? What is the geographical location of the study site? Which maps and information are needed? How should these maps be represented in the database?

20. ISPRS - 2002 Database The database contains all SPRING data and information. Several database available, but only one can be activated each time. It is not related to the geographical coordinates. It can support more than one Project. C:\springdb\Database –A folder in the directory system.

21. ISPRS - 2002 Project The Project defines a region of interest with: Bounding box defined by points 1 e 2. A defined Geographical Projection. Data in scale. It has a set of infolayers related to the same geographic region, such as: Soil Map; Landsat images; Elevation Map, etc. C:\springdb\Database\Project –Each project is a new folder in the database directory. 1 2

22. ISPRS - 2002 InfoLayer An infoLayer represents the geographic space with common basic characteristics defined by its category. A project and a category has to be already created. Each InfoLayer is associated to only one data category. A category defines the data type of several infoLayers. Ex: - Land use Map for 1970 and 1980 (Tematic). - TM/Landsat Bands 3, 4, and 5 (Image). - Altimetry Map (Numerical). - Farm Map (Cadastral). C:\springdb\Database\Project\PI.lin –InfoLayer files are stored at the Project directory.

23. ISPRS - 2002 Data Model A Data model defines all Categories and Classes of the Database. A Category assembles similar geographical data, according to its nature and the data types: Thematic, Numeric, Image, Cadastral or Object. Several InfoLayer in different Projects can be associated to the same Category. Land Use (Thematic): Classes: Forest, Water bodies, Urban, agriculture, etc. TM/Landsat Image (Image), Photo_10000 (Image). Altimetry (Numeric), DBO (Numerical), pH (Numerical). Farm (Object). Attributes: Owner, Registration, Productivity, etc. Rural properties (Cadastral).

24. ISPRS - 2002 Category Pl - 1 Project AProject B Name Folder Name Projection area Name Category Resolution Scale Pl - 2Pl - 3Pl - 4Pl - 1Pl - 2 Image Numerical Register Object Thematic Cl-1 Cl-2 Register Map Numerical map Image Thematic Map Thematic Map Thematic Map SPRING Data Model Data Base InfoLayers

25. ISPRS - 2002 SPRING 3.6 General Presentation