1. Verilog Intro: Part 2

2. Procedural Blocks There are two types of procedural blocks in Verilog. – initial for single-pass behavior: initial blocks execute only once at time zero (start execution at time zero). – always for cyclic behavior: always blocks loop to execute over and over again, in other words as the name implies, it always executes. Procedural assignment may only appear in initial and always constructs. The initial and always constructs are used to model sequential logic. Continuous statement is used to model combinational logic.

3. Example: Initial Block module initial_example; reg clk,reset,enable,data; initial begin clk = 0; reset = 0; enable = 0; data = 0; end endmodule The initial block is executed at time 0. Initial block just execute all the statements within begin and end statements.

4. Control Constructs – Can be used in the procedural sections of code. Selection – if statement: if (A == 4) B = 2; else begin B = 4; end – case statements: case ( ) : default: endcase

5. Example: 4-1 MUX in behavioral (1) module mux4 (Y,sel, A, B, C, D); input [1:0] sel; // 2-bit control signal input A, B, C, D; output Y; reg Y; // target of assignment always @(sel or A or B or C or D) if(sel == 2’b00) Y = A; else if(sel == 2’b01) Y = B; else if(sel == 2’b10) Y = C; else if(sel == 2’b11) Y = D; endmodule A B C D Y sel[1:0]

6. Example: 4-1 MUX in behavioral (2) // 4-1 mux using case statement module mux4 (Y,sel, A, B, C, D); input [1:0] sel; // 2-bit control signal input A, B, C, D; output Y; reg Y; // target of assignment always @(sel or A or B or C or D) case (sel) 2’b00: Y = A; 2’b01: Y = B; 2’b10: Y = C; 2’b11: Y = D; endcase endmodule A B C D Y Sel[1:0]

7. Example: 4-1 MUX in behavioral (3) // 4-1 mux using case statement module mux4 (q, select, d); input [1:0] select; // 2-bit control signal input [3:0] d; output q; reg q; // target of assignment always @(select or d) case (select) 2’b00: q = d[0]; 2’b01: q = d[1]; 2’b10: q = d[2]; 2’b11: q = d[3]; endcase endmodule

8. Example: 4-1 MUX in structural module mux4(q, select, d); input[1:0] select; input[3:0] d; output q; wire q1, q2, q3, q4, NOTselect0, NOTselect1; not n1( NOTselect0, select[0] ); not n2( NOTselect1, select[1] ); and a1( q1, NOTselect0, NOTselect1, d[0] ); and a2( q2, select[0], NOTselect1, d[1] ); and a3( q3, NOTselect0, select[1], d[2] ); and a4( q4, select[0], select[1], d[3] ); or o1( q, q1, q2, q3, q4 ); endmodule

9. 4-bit Full Adder using 1-bit Full Adder module FourBitAdder( sum, c_out, x, y, c_in); output [3:0] sum; output c_out; input [3:0] x, y; input c_in; wire c1, c2, c3; fulladder fa0( sum[0], c1, x[0], y[0], c_in ); fulladder fa1( sum[1], c2, x[1], y[1], c1 ); fulladder fa2( sum[2], c3, x[2], y[2], c2 ); fulladder fa3( sum[3], c_out, x[3], y[3], c3 ); endmodule module fulladder( sum, c_out, x, y, c_in ); output sum, c_out; input x, y, c_in; wire a, b, c; xor( a, x, y); xor( sum, a, c_in ); and( b, x, y ); and( c, a, c_in ); or( c_out, c, b ); endmodule

10. Repetition // for loop for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1) begin $display(“i = %d", i); end //while loop i = 0; while(i < 10) begin $display(“i = %d", i); i = i + 1; end // repeat loop repeat (5) //repeats the block 5 times, begin $display(“i = %d", i); i = i + 1; end

11. Blocking and Non-blocking Procedural Assignments The blocking assignment statement (= operator) acts much like in traditional programming languages. Blocking statement must complete execute before the next statement in the behavior can execute. The non-blocking (<= operator) evaluates all the right-hand sides for the current time unit and assigns the left-hand sides at the end of the time unit. Non-blocking assignment statements execute concurrently rather than sequentially.