2. Human Cognitive Processes: psyc 345 Ch. 3: Perception Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

3. Homework & Questions Q1: How do we perceive? –If you are going to develop a theoretical model of perception, how does it look like? –Describe your processing model of perception. Q2: How does the brain become tuned to respond best to things likely to appear in the environment?

4. Visual illusion Let’s take a look at visual illusions and check how your model can explain these illusions. –Ponzo illusion –Muller-Lyer illusion –Ames room http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ttd0YjXF0no

5. ch 34 Fig. 3-6, p. 50

6. ch 35

7. Ch 56

8. 7

9. 8

18. The figure represents “some thing.” The contours belong to the figure rather than to the ground.

19. Which one is the figure and which one is the ground? Symmetric items tend to be seen as a figure.

20. Ch 519

21. ch 1020 (A) (B) (A) (B)

22. ch 1021

23. ch 1022

24. ch 1023

25. Is your model consistent with these visual illusions? How does your model explain these illusions? What’s wrong with your models? Why do we have these illusions? Demonstration –Ames room http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ttd0YjXF0no

26. Some examples

33. Tired Old Sick Dark Slow Heavy Hospital ugly death

34. Beautiful Young Fresh Fast Energy Juicy Clean cheerful Vigorous

37. Experience influences perception a great deal. We need a top-down process as well as a bottom-up process.

38. Direct perception theories –Bottom-up processing –Perception comes from stimuli in the environment –Parts are identified and put together, and then recognition occurs Constructive perception theories –Top-down processing –People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations

39. Bottom-up and top- down processes

40. Fig. 3-4, p. 59

41. Perceptual Organization and Gestalt Psychology “Gestalt” means “whole.” Organizational principles: –Similarity –Proximity –Continuity

44. Law of similarity Similar things are put together

46. Items with similar colors are put together

47. Law of proximity Things that are close to each other are put together.

48. Law of good continuity We tend to put things together when they show nice continuity.

49. Why do we need top-down knowledge? Because the bottom-up process is inherently ambiguous.

50. Why computers have trouble perceiving objects? The bottom-up process is difficult.  solving the inverse projection problem Computers do not have a large amount of background knowledge as we have.

51. Humans have an incredible accumulation of knowledge. Use knowledge to solve perception problems

52. Fig. 5-4, p. 96

53. Neurons and the Environment [Q2] How does the brain become tuned to respond best to things likely to appear in the environment? –Some neurons respond best to things that occur regularly in the environment –Neurons become tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience –Neurons that respond to similar visual information (e.g., shape, motion, color, faces, etc) are grouped together.

54. Two visual pathways (where & what systems)

55. ch 454

56. Two visual pathways (where / how & what system) Patient D. F had bilateral damage to the ventral path. Carbon monoxide poisoning at age 35.

57. Video clip: NPR NPR: Blind man sees with subconscious eye (12/23/08); Interview and video record –This can be used as evidence for the “how” pathway. –http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9 8590831http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9 8590831 –A blind man who damaged the occipital lobe can still navigate and walk without bumping into objects.

58. ch 457 Object discrimination task Landmark discrimination task The monkey had to select the correct object to get the food reward The monkey had to select the food well close to the cylinder.

59. ch 458 Object discrimination task Landmark discrimination task Can’t do the object discrimination task but can do the landmark discrimination task Can’t do the landmark discrimination task but can do the object discrimination task

60. Modularity: structures for faces, places, and bodies

61. Figure 4.18 (a) Monkey brain showing location of the inferotemporal cortex (IT) in the lower part of the temporal lobe. (b) Human brain showing location of the fusiform face area (FFA) in the fusiform gyrus, which is located under the temporal lobe.

62. Prosopagnosia Episode from “The man who mistook his wife for a hat” By Oliver Sacks –Oliver Sacks interview –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQPI0BIkO kE

65. Copies of the black (A) and the white (B) vertical contour. Copies of the black (A) and the white (B) diagonal contour.

66. DVD: the mind eye (Ch.6 – Ch. 8) (10min) –Agnosia (Ch. 8) –Propasognosia (Ch. 6 - 7)

67. ch 766 Mirror neurons

68. Mirror neurons respond to a particular “kind” of action (e.g., grasping) AND observing someone doing the action. The activity of a particular neuron in the premotor area of a monkey.

69. (a)This neuron responded when the monkey watched the experimenter picking up the peanut. (b)This neuron also responded when the monkey actually picked up the peanut. (c)This neuron did not respond when the monkey watched the experimenter pick up the food with pliers.

70. Mirror neurons Respond not only when you are doing a particular action. But also when you watch someone doing it. This neuron gives you a general characteristic of an action.

71. What are mirror neurons for? Facilitate learning by imitation. –Language development –Skill learning Social interaction –Empathy (understanding others or what others think) –Connecting with others Autism may be caused by the deficiency in mirror neurons

72. Video clip from NOVA (PBS) –15 min –http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/320 4/01.html