1. Music History: Romantic Era

2. Romantic Era 1830-1910 During that time:
Some say it starts a little bit early
Some people argue that Beethoven was a Classical and Romantic Composer
During that time:
Industrial Revolution
Civil War
Imperialism
Countries Forms (Germany, Italy unified)
Bell invents telephone
Edison invents a lot of things
Abraham Lincoln
Charles Darwin

3. Themes in Romanticism Characteristics:
A fascination with fantasy
An interest in exoticism and the past
Emotional subjectivity
Interest in the strange and unknown
Wide ranges of emotional expression
Nationalism (deliberate intent to draw creative inspiration from the composers own homeland)
Individualism
Supernaturalism.
The most important inspiration for romantic art was NATURE

4. Themes in Romanticism
Nationalism - deliberate intent to draw creative inspiration from the composers own homeland
Composers expressed musical nationalism in their music by:
using the rhythms of the dances of their homelands
By using their national legends as subject matter
By basing their music on the folk songs of their country.
Exoticism: Drawing on colorful materials from foreign lands.

5. Music Society and Education
Because of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, many aristocrats could no longer afford to maintain private opera houses, orchestras, and composers in residence
Romantic composers wrote primarily for a middle-class audience whose size and prosperity had increased because of the industrial revolution
The rise of the urban middle class led to the formation of many orchestras and opera groups, and the development of regular subscription concerts
The piano became a fixture in every middle-class home.
The New York Philharmonic, created during this period, is tied for third place as the oldest orchestra in the world. 

6. Music Profession Developments
Ludwig van Beethoven’s career was a model for many romantic composers
Virtuoso – A musical performer who was extremely talented
Franz Liszt earned his living as a touring virtuoso.
Niccolo Paganini earned his living as a violin virtuoso.
Music critics became a profession during this period. Music criticism was a source of income for both Hector Berlioz and Robert Schumann, two romantic composers
Many Music Conservatoires were founded during the 1860s
Conservatory – small school to study music at similar to a small private college
Conservatories first started off as just music performance based, but later taught music composition

7. Romantic Music Developments
Kinds of Music
Programmatic music is instrumental music associated with a story, poem
Absolute Music: (Nonprogram music) Instrumental music written for its own sake, and for which the composer did not intend a program. (Music for music’s sake)
Incidental Music:  Music intended to be performed before and during a play to set the mood for scenes or highlight dramatic action. (Todays movie scores may be regarded as examples of Incidental Music.
The Orchestra
The orchestra was larger and more varied in tone color than the classical orchestra.
Grew in numbers, toward the end of the Romanticism, an orchestra might include close to 100 musicians
The Piano
A cast-iron frame was introduced to hold the strings under greater tension
Hammers were covered with felt
The damper pedal was developed allowing a blend of tones from all registers of the piano

8. Romantic Music Composition Techniques
Romantic music puts unprecedented emphasis on self-expression and individuality of style.
Romantic composers relied upon a more prominent use of chromatic harmony, or the use of chords containing tones not found in the prevailing major or minor scale.
A romantic composition tends to have a wide variety of keys and rapid modulations.
Ritardando: A slight slowing down of the tempo.
Accelerando: A slight speeding up of the tempo.
Rubato: A slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo. It is used to intensify the expression of the music.