1. Rohan Raymond & Arthur Lovatt HOW HAVE THE REGIONS OF THE BRAIN BEEN DISCOVERED?

2.  Correlation between brain-damages & performance of particular functions  External wounds = quickly fatal  Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) = not immediately fatal  Outcome: Paralysis/loss of specific  Animal experiments (mammals & other vertebrates)  Removal of parts of healthy brain OR severing off connections with brain  Unacceptable (unethical & unnecessary) today HISTORY

3.  Series of narrow-beam X-ray impressions at different angles  Computer combines pictures = detailed image detecting soft tissues  Cross-sectional view of interior of body  Patient lies down and moves in & out of doughnut-shaped hole  X-ray detectors rotate around body measuring radiation absorbed  Head/abdomen  Head: Brain tumours/areas damaged by stroke  Exposed to dose equivalent to 3 years of background radiation  Non-invasive  Detect cancers/tumour location/internal injuries/bone density data COMPUTERISED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CT/CAT)

4.  Accurately map precise parts of brain that are activated by a particular body activity  Non-invasive  High-resolution & fast  Strong magnet measures how hydrogen atoms in body absorb & emit electromagnetic energy  Nuclei of hydrogen atoms line up in magnetic field  Pulse of radio waves cause hydrogen nuclei to change orientation  Switching pulse off, reverts nuclei to original orientation  Scanner locates each nucleus by the energy they give off MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

5.  Advanced MRI  Brain cells require more energy & oxygen during intense activity  Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) contrast: Scanner detects increase in RBC oxygenation at site of neural activity  As concentration of oxyhaemoglobin increases, MRI signal rises  3D image produced where brightest parts of image are most active  Enabled researchers to locate decision-making brian parts and associate them with particular skills & body functions FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI)