1. 17th Century Weather Crisis- Most of Europe is worse off except for the Dutch.

2. Less grain production: smaller and fewer animals

3. Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe 1589-1715 - Mostly France
Larger standing armies . Increased 10 times by 1659
Heavy taxes
Bureaucracies

4. Absolutism Sovereignty (in one ruler )
Control of force and laws within its borders
Like Medieval Kings – Divine Right
Eliminate the threat of the nobility
Regulated religious sects

5. How the Sovereign solved financial problems
Remove the nobles from most taxes
Create bureaucracies to levy taxes and find other ways to raise revenues
France – used middle class as collectors
Spain and Eastern Europe – aristocratic mix

6. Difference between the Medieval public officers and the 17th Century
Medieval and Renaissance viewed money they collected as their private property
17th Century- money belongs to the state, collectors are representatives of the King

7. Absolutism Permanent standing armies
Taxed without consent of the nobility
Conducted foreign policy as the sovereign
Concerned themselves with the private lives of subjects- secret police and spies.
Not totalitarianism – no sophisticated mass media – TV – radio - recordings

8. Absolutism Glorification of the State Art Ceremonies Building projects
Theatre

9. For Louis – The glorification of the state and of the monarch were one in the same
“Le etat c’est moi!” I am the state.

10. Absolutism War and expansionist foreign policies
Acquire new territories
Europe
New World
Modern sophisticated weaponry
Land
Sea

11. French Absolutism Henry IV Real Politique A chicken in every pot
Aligns himself the common man
Places himself above all nobility
Becomes Catholic
Edict of Nantes
Over seas trade
Highway system
Wanted a United nations

12. French Absolutism Sully – Chief finance minister Protestant
Few wars – Savoy 1610
Paulette – lowered taxes on the poor and taxed the wealthy for holding royal offices- Permanent Judges
Taxes declined but revenues increased

13. Richelieu Domestic Policies
1628 becomes First Minister of the French
Domestic Policies
Crown – Remade France’s administration.
Raison d’ etat
All must be subordinate to the Monarch
Crush upstart nobles
Divided France into generalities
Intendants were appointed directly by the monarch from the new judicial nobility and could not be native of the district
Foreign Policy – Subdue Habsburg expansion from surrounding France

14. Louis XIII (r )
Ends political independence of “a state within a state.”
Huguenot’s would not allow Catholics to worship freely in their cities.
La Rochelle 1627 – tied to Protestant Holland and England
City falls in 1628
King reinstates Catholics
Towards French unification

15. Absolutism Many riots over taxes and “outsiders”
Local authorities were helpless
By the end of the 17th century municipal authority was better integrated into the national structure.
The French Academy – a French language and culture
Economy – France never controlled the entire economy so it was not a complete absolutism.

16. The Fronde
The term means “ slingshot” or … the rebellion of aristocrats and country folk to the reign of Louis
Louis XIII under Mazarin is too weak to subject all the nobles
French provinces refused to pay taxes
French defeat Spain 1643 – War of the Pyrenees “no need for taxes”
Three significant results
The gov. would have to compromise with the local elites
French economy was disrupted
Louis XIV was traumatized

17. The Sun King… Louis XIV (1643 –1715) “ After me, the deluge.”
Silence and caution… “Je verrai”
Acted in every way like a king
Complete domestication of the nobles… perhaps cooperation is a better term.
The Palace at Versailles
Create a sense of awe
French replaces Latin as the international language
Used court ceremonials to undermine powerful nobles

18. Versailles

19. Colbert The Economy should serve the state Mercantilism
Concept that resources are limited
Sell more goods then you buy
System of state inspections to insure quality
Control tariffs (taxes on foreign goods)
Merchant Marine and Sea power
1683 France leads the world in productivity
1685 The most highly centralized state in Europe
Agriculture still main business. Peasants emigrated

20. Goodbye to the Edict of Nantes
The Edict was never to be permanent
Religious pluralism was not in the 17th Century mindset

21. French Classicism Glorification of the state through Plays - Moliere
Paintings - Poussin
Architecture
Greco-Roman history

22. Architecture

23. Louis XIV’s Wars Standardized the army Uniforms Commissariat
Clear means of promotion
Gains little territory
Collapse of the wheat harvest

24. War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1713
Charles II of Spain is “unable to rule” land must be divided
Dutch and English would accept French rule of the Netherlands. Spain and France under French control was not acceptable
The Grand Alliance – Check France’s domination at home and abroad

25. The Peace of Utrecht 1713 Philip of Anjou remains King of Spain
France gives up much of Canada
Depletes Spain and increases English power
Austria, not the Dutch gain Spanish Netherlands

27. Decline of Spain Absolutist Standing army Bureaucracy National taxes
Most taxes fell on the poor

28. Decline of Spain 17th Century
Expulsion of Jews and Moors depletes the middle class
Europeans began to trade with Spanish colonies
Declarations of bankruptcy
Aristocrats saw money-making as vulgar
Inflation
Weakening of the monarch - inbreeding

29. Don Quixote Illusions of previous greatness Idealistic but impractical
“ The Spaniard convinced himself that reality was what he felt , believed and imagined.”

30. Constitutionalism The limiting of governmental power by law
By Republic or Monarchy
At this time there is not a democratic –republic in Europe

31. The Growing Power of Capitalism - England
Social mobility – Growing wealth of ‘Country gentry and middle class business men
The House of Commons “ we could buy the House of Lords three times over.” they wanted political power that was equal to their economic strength
English nobility, unlike the French had no stigma associated with taxes as long as they had a say in political affairs.
English nobility unlike the Spanish used their position and money in capitalistic ventures
Calvinism – Hard work, thrift, delay gratification

32. R 1509-1557- Divine Right Monarch-Tudor Suppress the nobles

33. Decline of Absolutism in England
From Elizabeth I in the late 16th century to 1689 the monarchy loses power
1603 – James IV of Scotland becomes James I of England
James I
Charles I
Cromwell
Charles II
James II
William and Mary of Orange

34. Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Spanish Problem 1588 Armada Less persecution
Dutch trade
Privateers
1588 Armada
Less persecution
of Catholics

35. Stuarts: James
Scottish
Not Elizabeth
Scandals

36. James I Male lovers made him lose respect in Parliament
George Villiers the first Duke of Buckingham

37. Charles I (r )

38. Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II . William and Mary
Hobbes – the Social Contract
Charles I –Treacherous
Triennial Act
Parliament would not provide him with an army to suppress “northern rebellions”
English Civil War
Parliament VS. The Royalists
1649 King is beheaded
Cromwell – Puritan , Military Dictator- Navigation Act
Restoration – Charles II Stuart
James II Catholic , Divine Right
Glorious Revolution 1688
William and Mary
English Bill of Rights

39. The Dutch Republic: A loose confederation of states

40. The Protectorate
Cromwell-Puritan Military Dictator

41. The Restoration- Charles II

42. James II
James II
Divine Right
Flees to France

43. The Glorious Revolution-1688
William and Mary of Orange
Accepts the Crown of England
Subordinate to a constitutional government

44. English Bill of Rights 1689
William and Mary

46. The Hague

47. The Dutch Republic of the Seventeenth Century ( 1600’s)
Ruled by wealthy merchants with middle class values
Dutch East India Company – Overseas Imperialism
Navigation Acts 1651 – All English goods be transported by English Ships
Wars of 17th and early 18th centuries caused decline

48. Cardinal Richelieu
Reason d’etat

49. Permanent standing armies
Concerned themselves with the private lives of subjects- secret police and spies.
Not totalitarianism – no sophisticated mass media – TV – radio - recordings

50. France The Estates General
First Estate- The Clergy
The Second Estate- The Titled
The Third Estate- The Commoners

51. The Clergy- The First Estate

52. The Nobles Nobility of the Sword – Landed Feudal Lords
Dukes, Barons etc

53. The Nobility of the Robe
Originally appointed
Eventually hereditary
Judges, government officials

54. The Third Estate- 98% of the population
The Peasants- Land owners and laborers
The Bourgeoisie- The Middle Class
Lawyers
Doctors
Merchants
Urban workers

55. The Sun King… Louis XIV (1643 –1715) “ C’est Moi.”

57. The Palace at Versailles
Create a sense of awe
The Baroque
French replaces Latin as the international language
Used court ceremonials to undermine powerful nobles

58. Versailles

59. The Hall of Mirrors

60. Colbert Mercantilism The economy should serve the state
Sell more than you buy
Use tariffs on foreign goods
Build gold supply

61. War and expansionist foreign policies
Acquire new territories
Europe
New World
Modern sophisticated weaponry
Land
Sea

62. War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1713
Charles II of Spain is “unable to rule” land must be divided
Dutch and English would accept French rule of the Netherlands. Spain and France under French control was not acceptable
The Grand Alliance – Check France’s domination at home and abroad

64. Absolutism is France King was still the best source of reform
Louis XIV dies 1715 nobles under the Duke of Orleans make a comeback
Restored the high courts of France – the Parlements… They maintained the right to evaluate decrees before they became law
What once were middle-class judges were now well entrenched in the aristocracy

65. Louis XV

66. The Parlement of Paris and the Conflict of theKing
5% tax on everyone 1750’s was dropped by the judges.
Seven Years War King tries to impose emergency taxes
Parlement of Paris rejects the tax “ to limit the king’s power and protect liberty.”
No taxes without the consent of The Parlement of Paris

67. Louis XV Reacts
Mapeou establishes a new more docile Parlement

68. The king of his royal aura
Pornography
Scandal mongering
The commoners of Paris were beginning to stir
Royal power was strong enough to ride over the opposition but the king dies in 1774
Louis XVI “What I should like most is to be loved.”

69. Louis XVI
“What I should like most is to be loved.”

70. Overall influence of the Enlightenment
France unlike the its eastern neighbors saw a decline in absolutism
The Enlightened Monarchs
They did spread cultural values of the Enlightenment… especially Frederick and Catherine
Secular
Education and interest in the arts
Reforms that would strengthen the state and compete militarily…