3. Germany Before Bismarck
Early 1800’s industry is growing rapidly
Zollverein – Trade org. that excludes Austria
Italian unification 1859 stimulated German nationalism

4. Bismarck 1862 Called upon to head ministry to suppress liberalism
Blood and Iron
Prussia and Austria go to war with Denmark Bismarck wanted Prussia to control the northern Protestant part of Germany

6. Provokes Austria into war
Seven weeks. Prussia wins and gives Venetia to Italy
Gives Austria generous terms

8. The Taming of Parliament
Conservatives had to make peace with the liberal middle class
German Govt.
Federation with king as pres.
Chancellor responsible only to king
Controls Army
And foreign affairs
Two houses
Upper house appointed by different states
Lower house universal male suffrage-appeals to working class
Middle class liberals subdued and happy

9. Ruling Parties Align With the Lower Class
European Countries that have a large working class receive social programs
Middle class taxes pay for social programs
Governments gain support from the majority- The working class

10. The Franco Prussian War 1870-1871
The Ems Dispatch
Bismarck edits a letter to insult the French over succession to the Spanish throne
Napoleon III demands an apology
Wilhelm I refuses
France prepares to teach Prussia a lesson

12. Blood and Iron Vs. Elan and Cran

13. The War Southern German states support cause
Prussia defeats France at Sedan Sept
Napoleon III is captured and humiliated
Riots break out in Paris: wow that’s different
Napoleon is deposed and The Third Republic is born
Paris is surrounded and starved into submission

14. The Hall of Mirrors 1871

15. France is Humbled
Wilhelm I is proclaimed Emperor of Germany at Versailles
France receives harsh terms
Pay 5 billion Francs
Cedes the Alsace-Lorraine to Germany

16. The Paris Commune 1871
Parisian Socialists refuse to accept German peace terms
Set up a socialists dictatorship backed by the International Working Men’s Association and Proudhon (Germinal)
French troops backing the National Assembly of the Third Republic in May of 1871 enter Paris and kill 20,000 Communards
“Thier that monstrous little gnome” Karl Marx

17. USA Indians Slaves War with Mexico Gold Rush Civil War Homestead Act
13th Amendment

18. The Aftermath of Crimea 1853

19. Modernization of Russia
The Great Reforms
Background
Serfs were property
Army recruits – 25 years
Sexually exploited
Lost the Crimean War
Ottomans Empire weak
Russia is behind

20. Alexander II (r.1855 – 1881)

21. 1861 Emancipation of Serfs

22. Alexander II Reforms Russia
1861 serfs are freed
Villages were responsible for payments
Collectives made it difficult for individuals to improve agriculture
Zemstvo – local authorities – did not lead to greater liberalism.
Gave Jews certain freedoms

23. Russia Marches With Europe Towards Industrialism

24. Industrialism in Russia
Two industrial surges
1860 – Railways
1,250 – 15,500 miles of track by 1880
Increases grain production
Creates a class of modern factory workers

25. The Trans-Siberian Railway

26. Second Surge – Alexander III
1881- Alexander III – reactionary no political modernization
State owned railways –
The Trans Siberian Line connects Moscow with the Pacific Ocean
Nationalism becomes key

27. Russian Steel and Oil Production

28. Encourages Foreign Investors
Extremely successful
Modern steel factories, by 1900 Russia was one of the major producers
Oil production equaled USA

29. Japan and Russia Collide Near Korea

30. Russo- Japanese War

31. The Revolution of 1905 The Russo-Japanese War Russia eyes Korea
Japan launches surprise attack
Russia is defeated in 1905

32. Bloody Sunday 1905

33. Political Upheaval at Home
Factory workers were organized in illegal labor orgs.
The Army still pinned down in the East
Massive group of workers attempt to deliver a petition to Nicholas II
Bloody Sunday – Guards open fire on demonstrators

34. Nicholas II

35. Upheaval Continues General strike of October 1905
Govt. gives in “The October Manifesto.”
Granted full civil rights
Promised a popularly elected Duma
Middle class helped the survival of a constitutional monarchy

36. Liberalism Takes a Step Back
The tsar had absolute veto
The Ministers were chosen by the tsar
The tsar dismisses the Duma
More power is given to the propertied classes
Workers, peasants and national minorities are weakened

37. The Responsive National State
For the most part the Frame work of the Europe was set
Mass Politics and mass loyalty to the state
More people could vote
By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule
Part of the system
USA by 1913 women could vote in many state and local elections
Many suffragettes emerged setting the way for women to vote after WWI

38. Mass Politics
Political parties had to respond to the will of the people
Multi party system appears in many countries
In order to pass laws coalitions had to be formed
Individual parties gain leverage

39. The Down Side to Nation States
The power structure can manipulate the population with nationalist rhetoric
Patriotism and loyalty
At the expense of international security
WWI, Iraq?
Hatred for certain ethnic groups create unity

40. The Kulturkampf and Socialism
Bismarck launches attack on Catholics as an impediment to German unity
Socialism and Liberalism are gaining ground
Has to reverse his “culture struggle” to achieve greater unity
Has to give into to some social programs and the growing liberal middle class

41. The German Empire
Bismarck controlled the Reichstag popular elected body
Kulturkampf – fails
Crash of 1873
Bismarck uses tariffs to protect German economy
Led to anger among other counties and trade wars

42. German State Continued
Socialism was growing in Germany
Socialist rhetoric transcended the nation state
Bismarck tried to drive them underground
The Socialists were too organized-The International Working Men’s Association

43. As a result…
Germany becomes a leader in progressive socialist programs
Social security laws
Sickness and accident insurance
1889 – Old age pensions and retirement benefits

44. Bismarck is Let Go….”The dropping of the pilot”
Social Democratic party by the turn of the century gains power
Many wealthy and middle–class Germans feared The Social Democrats but they were becoming less radical
Opposition to military and imperialist aims declined
Social Democrats were Germans first.

45. Republican France 1871 “The Third Republic”
Adolf Their – “The government that divides the least.”
Gambetta by 1879 parliament becomes boss
Upper and Lower houses of parliament were republicans.
Many groups = coalition politics
Jules Ferry-mandatory public education
Teachers could marry
Husband and wife team could support each other
Example of secular republicanism

46. The Dreyfus Affair Jewish officer falsely accused of treason
Split France apart
Catholic establishment- for the army
Republican civil libertarians – for Dreyfus
1905 reaction against the Church –
State withdrew support
Members no longer paid by state
Only socialism stood in the way of republican nationalism

47. Great Britain and Ireland
The Vote
1832- males of the “solid middle-class”
1859- utilitarian's struggle with how to protect the rights of individuals while franchise expanded.
1884 Disraeli’s conservative party expands franchise to every adult male. Lower class expected to be responsible.
1906 Lloyd George’s Liberal party raised taxes on the rich to create social programs.

48. Ireland Irish Famine 1840’s England began concessions
1880’s Gladstone’s Liberal party tried to pacify Ireland
Bills did not pass
Irish support Liberals to receive “Home Rule.”
Irish Protestants and Catholics refused mix.
Ulster refused to accept home rule
Problem put on hold in WWI

49. Austro-Hungarian Empire
Magyar nationalism –Hungary
1866 defeated by Prussia
Dual Monarchy
Austria threatened by slavs
1914 Hungary – 1/4 of males could vote

50. Jewish Emancipation and Jew Hating
1791- French Rev. Jews gain rights
continued gains through Liberalism and sometimes Socialism
1873 stock market crash Jews blamed
Zionism =Jewish national state - Palestine

51. Marxism and the Socialist Movement
Marx wanted an international proletariat
The Socialist International
Rapid growth after 1871
1912 millions of followers – especially Germany
The Workers International
Marx Authors “Das Capital.” 1867
Embraced the Paris Commune
First International collapses
May Day – one day strike
Second International

52. Unions and Revisionism
European Socialism became militantly moderate
Gradual change
Less revolution
Sober action

53. Workers gained the right to vote, used elections to make change
National pride
Schools
Military
Aggressive foreign policy
Standard of living improved
Growth of labor unions
For a long time illegal
legalized—Germany

54. Socialist not really interested in unions they wanted revolution
Unions focused on “bread and butter issues”
Wages
Working conditions
Collective bargaining brought improvement- revision not revolution – Militant Marxist saw this as a sin.
Second International rejects revision

55. By 1914 Socialist parties were clearly nationalistic
Germany
France
Great Britain
By WWI socialist leaders supported their government