1. Miners and Ranchers Chapter 8, Section 1
People were migrating westward for economic activity. Mining and ranching were two of these opportunities.

2. Placer mining
The used of simple tools (picks, shovels and pans) in shallow deposits of ore.

3. Quartz mining Mining for deep deposits of ore.
Example: Comstock mine in Six Mile Canyon, Nevada known for it’s silver.

4. Boom or Bust
Many outpost towns became Boom towns when mineral deposits were found and often times as quickly as the grew, they became Ghost towns when the mine ran dry. In many Boom town vigilance committees were formed to keep the peace.

6. Deadwood, SD

7. Value of a standard gold bar
The average weight of a gold bar is around 400 troy ounces and measures 6” long by 3” wide by 2” high and weighs about 27.5 pounds.
The 2013 value of gold is $1,396 per troy ounce making one bar worth $558,400 a bar.
1 ounce $1,96
1 bar = ½ Million dollars

8. Ranching
Open Range- a vast area of open grassland owned by the government.
Long drive – Herding cattle over long distances to railheads to get better prices.
The first long drive was from Texas to Sedalia, Missouri in 1866.
The Chisholm Trail became a famous long drive route

9. Longhorn
The longhorn became one of the first breed of cattle (Texas) to be driven on the long drives. It was a hardy, resilient created that withstood the harsh weather of the plains.

10. Open Range
The open range was the term used to describe the wide open treeless area that ranchers kept their cattle
Cattle had the freedom to move were grass grew best but cattle also were exposed to the rigors of the land and weather.

12. Long Drive
As cattle became more abundant in Texas prices began to fall making ranchers move their cattle on long drives to better markets usually north into the states.
It was a long grueling process which usually paid of but not without loss.

13. Chisholm Trail
A route from Texas to Abilene, Kansas that became famous for the long drive.
Named after Jessie Chisholm, who built several trading post along the route usually from San Antoine, Texas to Abilene, Kansas.

14. Barbed Wire
The Open Range came to an end in 1867 when Lucien Smith who is credited as the inventor and patented the first barb wire (thorny fence).
The wire was invented to contain cattle and prevent them from becoming lost (maverick), stolen or mixed up with neighbors cattle (which in turn led to branding) to prevent rancher from fighting over cattle.
Lucien B. Smith

15. Types of Barbed Wire

16. Domestication of Cattle
Barbed wire became one of the first steps of domesticating cattle even further. The open range soon became a thing of the past and pastures and feedlot soon became more prevalent.

17. Sue