2. Topics to be discussed 1.CURRENT 2. TYPES OF CURRENT 3. A.C 4. D.C 5. P.D.C 6. TERMS USED IN A.C 7.RECTANCE 8.IMPEDENCE 9.LCR circuit

3. CURRENT The rate of flow of charge through any cross-section of a substance is known as CURRENT. CURRENT = I= S.I UNITS : ampere(A) 1A=1CS -1 TOTAL CHARGE FLOWING(Q) TIME TAKEN(T) TOTAL CHARGE FLOWING(Q) TIME TAKEN(T) Q T Q T

4. TYPES OF CURRENT

5. ALTERNATING CURRENT THE CURRENT WHICH CHANGES ITS MAGNITUDE CONTINUOUSLY WITH TIME AND REVERSES ITS DIRECTION PERIODICALLY.

6. DIRECT CURRENT THE CURRENT WHICH NEITHER CHANGES ITS MAGNITUDE NOR ITS DIRECTION WITH TIME.

7. PULSATING D.C THE CURRENT WHICH CHANGES ITS MAGNITUDE CONTINUOUSLY WITH TIME BUT KEEPS ITS DIRECTION SAME THROUGH OUT THE TIME.

8. TERMS USED IN ALTERNATING CURRENT / EMF PEAK VALUE:- the maximum value of alternating current /emf in the positive or –ve direction is called amplitude or peak value of alternating current/emf. It is denoted by I 0 or (E 0 ) ROOT MEAN SQUARE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT :- Root mean square or effective or virtual value of alternating current is defined as that steady current which when passed through any resistance for any given time would produce the same amount of heat as is produced by the alternating current when passed through the same resistance for the same time. I rms =I V =I 0 / √2 = 0.707I 0 E rms =E V =E 0 /√2 =0.707 E 0 The rms value of alternating current/emf is 0.707 times its peak value.

9. FREQUENCY OF ALTERNATING CURRENT/EMF :- it is defined as the number of cycles completed by alternating current/emf in one second. MATHEMATICALLY, = 1 time period (T) BUT T= 2∏/ ω = ω/ 2∏ UNITS : hertz (H Z ) ANGULAR FREQUENCY :- It is given by ω=2∏ it is expressed in radians per second.

10. SIGNIFICANCE OF OPERATOR j consider a vector B represented by OP 1. If we rotate the vector B through 180 0 we get the vector –B represented by OP 2.Therefore, if OP 1 = B then OP 2 = -B Hence, If we multiply a vector by -1, it is turned through 180 0 in the anticlockwise direction. But -1 = √-1 * √-1 So in order to rotate a vector through 180 0, we multiply it twice by √-1. Hence in order to rotate it through 90 0 in anticlockwise direction it has to be multiplied by √-1 as shown in fig.

11. The factor √-1 is denoted by j it is called j operator. It is not real number but it is an imaginary number.

12. REACTANCE It is the opposition offered by pure inductance or pure capacitance to the flow of electricity in a circuit. IT IS MEASURED IN ohm. REACTANCE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE(X L ) CAPACITIVE REACTANCE(X C ) IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHANGING ELECTRIC FIELD B/W TWO CONDUCTING SURFACES. REACTANCE DUE TO INDUCTANCE (L) IS X L = ωL=2∏ L REACTANCE DUE TO CAPACITANCE (C) IS X C =1/ωc=1/2∏ C FOR D.C = 0 so X L =0 FOR A.C X L α FOR D.C = 0 so X L =0 FOR A.C X L α FOR D.C =0 so X C =∞ FOR A.C X C α 1/ FOR D.C =0 so X C =∞ FOR A.C X C α 1/

13. IMPEDENCE(z) It is the opposition offered by an electronic device (L,C,R) to the flow of electricity in a circuit. It is measured in ohm

14. RESISTIVE, INDUCTIVE, CAPACITIVE A.C CIRCUITS THESE CIRCUITS CONTAINS ONLY resistance OR ONLY INDUCTANCE OR ONLY CAPACITANCE WHICH ARE FURTHER CONNECTED TO A.C SUPPLY i.e E = E 0 sinωt = E 0 e jωt 1. RESISITIVE A.C CIRCUITS : The circuits contains only resistance E=E 0 e jωt Let the applied instantaneous emf be E=E 0 e jωt & Instantaneous current be I=(E 0 /R) e jωt = I=I 0 e jωt There is no phase difference b/w emf & current I BE OA

15. 2. INDUCTIVE A.C CIRCUITS The circuit contains only inductance E=E 0 e jωt let the applied instantaneous emf be E=E 0 e jω t & instantaneous circuit current be I=(E 0 /X L ) e (jωt-∏/2) = I = I 0 e (jωt-∏/2) In this circuit current lags behind emf by ∏/2

16. 3. CAPACITIVE A.C CIRCUITS The circuit contains only capacitance E=E 0 e jωt let the applied instantaneous emf be E=E 0 e jωt & instantaneous current be I = (E 0 /X C )e (jωt+∏/2) I = I 0 e (jωt+∏/2) I n this circuit current leads emf by ∏/2

17. A.C circuit containing INDUCTANCE, CAPACITANCE & resistance Let there be an A.C circuit containing Inductance(L), Capacitance(C), resistance(R) connected in series as shown in figure. Let the instantaneous emf be E=E 0 e jω t --------------------- Where, E 0 = peak value of applied emf. ω= angular frequency of applied emf. Let I 0 be the peak value of current in the circuit Then, potential drop across resistor, E RO =I 0 R----------- Potential drop across inductor, E LO =I O X L Current lags = E LO = jI 0 X L ---------------- Potential drop across capacitance, E CO =I 0 X C Current leads = E CO = -jI 0 Xc------------- 1 2 3 4

18. E = E RO + E LO + E CO USING EQNS. 2, 3 & 4 IN ABOVE EQNS. E = I 0 [R + j (X L -X C )]----------- E 0 = I 0 Z where, Z = R + j(X L -X C ) z is known as complex impedence of circuit. Z = IZI e j ᶲ----------------- where, IZI = √R 2 +(X L -X C ) 2 --------------- & tan φ = (X L -X C )/R------------ where, φ is the phase difference b/w current & emf so, instantaneous current in the circuit is given by I = E/Z USING EQNS. 6 & 1 IN ABOVE EQNS. I =E 0 e jωt / IZI e j ᶲ I = I 0 e j (ωt-ᶲ) ---------------- COMPARING EQ. 1 & 9, IT FOLLOWS THAT THERE IS A PHASE DIFFERENCE OF φ B/W EMF & CURRENT. 5 6 7 8 9

19. CASE -1 X L >X C THEN tan φ = X L –X C / R is positive φ is positive so current lags behind emf by angle ᵩ CASE -2 X L <X C THEN tan φ = X L –X C / R is negative φ is negative so current leads emf by angle φ Therefre, I = I 0 e j (ωt + φ )

20. CASE -3 X L = X C THEREFORE, tan φ = X L –X C / R = 0 φ = 0 so current & emf are in phase, impedence IZI = R IZI is minimum hence, (I) in circuit is maximum This is the case of RESONANCE.

21. SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT The impedence of an A.C circuit with resistance, inductance, & capacitance in series is given by IZI = E/√R 2 +(X L -X C ) 2 = E/√R 2 +(ωL-1/ωc) 2 IN THE ABOVE EQNS. the inductive reactance is proportional to the frequency of A.C as ωL=2∏ L & the capacitive reactance is inversely prportional to frequency as X c =1/ 2∏ C When ωL=1/ωc the impedence of the circuit becomes minimum & is given by IZI=R & The current in the circuit becomes maximum & is given by I = E/R

22. The particular frequency 0 at which the impedence of the circuit becomes minimum & the current becomes maximum is called (hence this circuit is called acceptor circuit ) as RESONANT FREQUENCY OF THE CIRCUIT. 0 =1/2∏√LC

23. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT A parallel resonant circuit consists of an inductance L & capacitance C connected in parallel to the alternating emf. RESONANT FREQUENCY 0 = ω 0 /2∏=1/2∏ √1 / LC - R 2 /L 2 The impedence of the circuit is maximum & hence the current (I) will be minimum hence resonance circuit is called REJECTOR circuit

24. SHARPNESS OF RESONANCE Sharpness is the measure of rapidity with which current falls from its maximum value when frequency is changed above or below resonance frequency. MATHEMATICALLY, it is defined as ratio of resonance frequency & bandwidth S = ω 0 / ω Where, bandwidth ω= ω 2 - ω 1 ω2 & ω 1 are upper & lower cut off frequency at which current falls to 1/√2 times the maximum current.

25. QUALITY FACTOR OF A RESONANCE CIRCUIT OR Q--- FACTOR It is the measure of its ability to discriminate resonance frequency from other frequency's. It is defined as 2∏ times the ratio of maximum energy stored in the circuit per cycle to energy dissipated per cycle. Q = 2∏ (max. energy stored per cycle) Energy dissipated per cycle

26. FOR SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT: Q S =X L /R = X C /R FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT: Q P = X L /R

27. IMPORTANCE OF Q – FACTOR Q= It is obvious that a high Q-circuit has a low resistance & low resistance LCR circuit has a greater sharpness. Hence, in a series LCR circuit having low resistance,the current amplitude falls from its resonant value rapidly. The selectivity of such a circuit is good. While that of high resistance LCR circuit selectivity is poor & resonance is flat. So, in the tunings circuit in radio receivers at sharp resonance Q is adjusted to be small. Hence, RESONANT FREQUENCY is maximum. ω 0 L R ω 0 L R

28. COMPARISON BETWEEN SERIES & PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT SERIES 1.The inductive & capacitive voltages are equal & opposite. 2.It is used to produce the maximum current & minimum impedence. 3.This circuit is called acceptor circuit since it accepts maximum current at resonance. PARALLEL 1.The inductive & capacitive currents are equal & opposite. 2.It is used to provide maximum voltage & minimum current. 3.This circuit is called rejector circuit since it allows minimum current at resonance.