1. Bio II Rupp 1

2. VERTEBRATE—ANY ANIMAL WITH A BACKBONE INVERTEBRATE—ANY ANIMAL WITHOUT A BACKBONE 2

3.  50 trillion cells in the human body  Cells need eachother and specialize  Cell junctions— connections between cells—allow tissue formation and communication 3

4.  Ingestion of food  Breakdown of food to release molecules essential to life 4

5.  Diploid zygote—first cell of a new individual (ploidy number)  Differentiation  Specialization 5

6.  Ability to move comes from the unique relationship of two tissue types Muscle Nerve (neurons) 6

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8.  First animals probably arose from the sea  Loosely connected flagellated protists  Division in labor allowed multicellularity 8

9.  Oparin’s theory on Early Earth  Miller-Urey Experiment 9

10.  Symmetry—a consistent overall pattern of structure  Simple organisms lack symmetry  Patterns of symmetry Nonsymmetrical Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry 10

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16.  Cephalization  Germ layers— fundamental tissue types found in embryos of animals except sponges 16

17.  Similarities in structure allow biologists to classify—morphology Multicellular, limited cell specialization = sponges Tissues in two layers = cnidarians and ctenophores Tissues in three layers and bilaterally symmetrical = all other phyla from figure 34-5 page 672 17

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19.  Invertebrates  Chordates Notochord Postanal tail Pharyngeal gill pouches or slits Dorsal, hollow nerve cord  Vertebrates 19

20. InvertebratesVertebrates SymmetryRadial or bilateral-- Integument--Usually to hold water in; specific functions SegmentationRepeating subunitsRibs and vertebrae Support of the bodyExoskeletonEndoskeleton RespiratoryGillsLungs CirculatoryOpenClosed Digestive/ExcretoryGut or digestive tractGut or digestive tract as well as filters like kidneys NervousExtraordinary diversityHighly organized brains and nervous systems Reproduction/DevelopmentSexual and asexual, hermaphroditic, indirect development Eggs released to water, eggs held internally, development internal or external, typically direct development 20

21. SPERMEGG OR OVUM  Small  Motile  Head contains chromosomes  Tail is a flagellum  Large  Cytoplasm and yolk  Yolk size depends on development length; longer development = big yolk 21

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23.  Sperm membrane joins with egg membrane and sperm nucleus enters the egg cytoplasm  Sperm entry causes an electrical reaction to block more sperm from entering  Nuclei of sperm and egg merge to form a diploid zygote  DNA replication and mitotic division begins 23

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27. PREFORMATIONEPIGENESIS  Organisms were preformed inside the egg or sperm  The organism in the egg or sperm needed only to unfold  Some claimed to see the organisms in sperm  Kasper Friedrich Wolff  Said eggs do not contain preformed organisms only the raw material to form organisms  Materials need to be activated  Basis for how things actually work 27

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29.  Restores diploid number  Activates egg to develop 29

30.  Cleavage—divisions of the zygote  Exponential increase  Cells get smaller with each division  As division occurs the cells form a hollow ball called a blastula  Empty space in the blastula is the blastocoel 30

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34.  Stage of development that follows blastula  Blastula indents or invaginates and the region becomes known as the blastopore  Invagination leads to a multilayered embryo 34

35.  Archenteron Deep cavity of the gastrula Becomes the gut Throat, gills, lungs, liver, pancreas  Ectoderm Outer layer Skin, hair, nails, nervous system 35

36.  Endoderm Inner layer Epithelial lining of gut  Mesoderm Middle layer Skeleton, muscles, circulatory system 36

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39.  Coelom—a body cavity lined with a mesoderm  Development can be based upon how the coelom forms, aka, patterns of cleavage 39

40. PROTOSTOMESDEUTEROSTOMES  Blastopore forms the mouth  Mouth forms first  Anus forms second  Spiral cleavage  Blastopore forms anus  Anus forms first  Mouth forms second  Radial cleavage 40

41. DETERMINATE CLEAVAGE INDETERMINATE CLEAVAGE  The fate of the cells is determined at an early developmental stage  Separation of the zygote at the 4-cell stage results in cell death  The future of each cell is determined  The fate of each cell is not determined at an early developmental stage  Cells can be separated and survive (cloning)  The future of each cell is not determined 41

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43. SCHIZOCOELYENTEROCOELY  Split body cavity  Endoderm/ectoderm junction cells divide to form mesoderm  Mesoderm is separated by the blastopore  Gut body cavity  Cells that form the archenteron begin to divided to form the mesoderm  “Mickey Mouse Ears” 43

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45.  Acoelomate No body cavity Ectoderm and endoderm are connected by mesoderm  Pseudocoelomate False body cavity Mesoderm lines the ectoderm Gut is suspended in body fluid  Coelomate True body cavity Mesoderm provides support to ectoderm and endodermic gut 45

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48. Gamete Formation Fertilization Cleavage Gastrulation Organogenesis Growth 48