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The Magna Carta – the most well-known and most important document to come out of the Middle Ages >An agreement between England's major landholders (barons)

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Presentation on theme: "The Magna Carta – the most well-known and most important document to come out of the Middle Ages >An agreement between England's major landholders (barons)"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Magna Carta – the most well-known and most important document to come out of the Middle Ages >An agreement between England's major landholders (barons) and King John, signed at Runnymede in 1215. >Established idea that the King of England was not above the law – a principle that became the cornerstone of representative democracy. > Not a statement of political philosophy, it was a list of complaints and rights that the feudal vassals extracted from their liege lord, King John. Of the 63 clauses, only three are relevant today: Trial by Jury of Peers No taxation without representation Punishments must fit the crime

2 The Late Middle Ages 1300-1450 Crisis and Dissolution

3 An Age of Adversity Economic problems Famine & Plague Peasant Rebellions Decline of the Papacy (1309-1417) Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

4 Economic problems Early 1300's - “The Little Ice Age” Declining agricultural production Food shortages, malnutrition and famines Spiraling inflation - silver shortage Diminished revenues from peasants Knights turned to plunder and warfare

5 The Black Death “Divine punishment for human sin” 1347-1352 Sicily Fleas on black rats 20,000,000 dead

6 Negative impact of the Plague included: Panic- family, friends & villages abandoned Food production plummeted Jewish communities massacred Church authority questioned New artistic forms focused on decay and death Economic and social tensions emerged into rebellions

7 Positive long-term impact of the Plague Higher wages for manual labor People questioned the authority of church leaders Re-emergence of rational science Re-discovery of the ancient past New, questioning spirit- paved the way for the Renaissance

8 Peasant Rebellions: Le Jacquerie, France, 1358 The Ciompi, Florence, 1378 The Great Rising, England, 1381

9 The Jacquerie, France, 1358

10 The Ciompi – Italy, 1378

11 Wat Tyler’s Peasant Revolt, aka The Great Rising, England, 1381

12 Height of the Papacy Innocent III (1198-1215) > The Donation of Constantine – to justify papal power > Regained physical control over many Italian states > Responsible for the 4 th Crusade > Forced King John to give England to the Pope and receive it back as a fief > Sponsored Francis of Assissi in creating the Franciscan order and the Spaniard Dominic and his Dominican order. > Convened the 4 th Lateran Council

13 Decline of the Papacy

14 French king Philip IV and Pope Boniface VIII

15 Clericos Laicos, 1296 “Churches and priests that paid taxes to the French king instead of the Pope would face excommunication.”

16 “… but the pope can be judged only by God, not by Man.” “...Therefore we declare, state, define and pronounce that it is altogether necessary for salvation for every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff.” Unam Sanctam, 1302

17 September, 1303 “The Terrible Day at Anagni.”

18 In 1309, Clement V -Avignon

19 The Babylonian Captivity, 1309-1377 Along with Clement V, the next 6 popes (68 years) were French. Many saw the pope as a puppet of the French king Widespread criticism among devout Catholics of “the good life” led by the clergy at Avignon further reduced the prestige of the church and the pope in particular.

20 The Babylonian Captivity, 1309-1377 Petrarch, in 1353 wrote “I am now living in Avignon where reign the successors of the poor fishermen of Galilee. I am astounded…to see these men loaded with gold and clad in purple, boasting of the spoils of princes and nations; to see luxurious palaces and heights crowned with fortifications, instead of a boat turned downwards for their shelter.”

21 St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274 Duns Scotus, 1265-1308 William of Ockham, 1285-1349

22 The end to Medieval Scholasticism... St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274 Summa Theologica – the attempt to reconcile the works of Aristotle, with its emphasis on reason and logic, with Christianity.

23 Duns Scotus (1265-1308) “Human reason cannot prove that God is omnipotent, that He rewards the righteous and punishes the wicked, or that the soul is immortal. These doctrines are the province of revelation and faith, not reason.”

24 William of Ockham (1285-1349) “The tenets of faith are beyond the reach of reason; there is no rational foundation for Christianity.” His approach, separating natural knowledge from religious dogma, made it easier to explore the natural world without fitting it into a religious framework.

25 John Wycliffe (1320-1384) Followers called Lollards Stressed a personal relationship with God Sacraments are not necessary for salvation Denied that priests turned bread/wine to body/blood of Christ (transubstantiation) Denounced wealth and advocated material poverty

26 In 1377, Pope Gregory IX re-established the papacy in Rome

27 The Great Schism, 1378-1417 1378: Pope Urban VI (Pope in Rome) and Pope Clement VII (Pope in Avignon) In 1409, The Council of Pisa elected Alexander V – a third Pope!!!

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29 Council of Constance, 1417 elected Martin V as new Pope.

30 The Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 English kings – claimed to be kings of France

31 William of Normandy, aka William the Conqueror, 1066

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33 Edward III r. 1327-1377 In 1337, he claimed the throne of France. Henry V r 1413-1422 took advantage of a civil war in France and invaded in 1415

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35 Crecy, 1346 Poitiers, 1356 Agincourt, 1415 The Long Bow of England vs The Crossbow & the mounted knight of France

36 Crecy, 1346 Poitiers, 1356 The Long Bow vs mounted knights and the crossbow

37 Agincourt, 1415

38 Joan of Arc (1412-1431) Jeanne D’Arc, 1428 “The Maid of Orleans” Captured by the Duke of Burgundy [in 1430] and turned over to the English

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40 Impact of the Hundred Years War > Kings won the right to collect taxes > French monarchy grew in power & prestige > New weapons and strategy for warfare > Code of Chivalry abandoned > English held only the port city of Calais > England experienced a civil war: War of the Roses > Feudalism further began declined

41 Legacy of the Middle Ages… Notions of honor, duty, loyalty, and love European cities / The middle class The state system English common law -concept of liberty Equality and the sacred worth of the individual Representative government Universities Corporations, Bookkeeping & Banking Preserved Greco-Roman scholarship Growth of secularism


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