1. ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet1 Overview of Australian Indigenous health status 2011 Tables, figures and key facts

2. 2 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Indigenous population At 30 June 2011, the estimated Australian Indigenous population was 575,552. NSW had the highest number of Indigenous people (168,773, 29% of the total Indigenous population); the NT had the highest proportion of Indigenous people in its population (30% of NT population are Indigenous). In 2006, the majority of Indigenous people lived in cities and towns; around one quarter of Indigenous people lived in remote or very remote areas. The Indigenous population is much younger than the non- Indigenous population.

3. 3 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Estimated Indigenous population, by jurisdiction, Australia, 30 June 2011 Source: ABS, 2009, ABS, 2008 JurisdictionIndigenous population Proportion of Australian Indigenous population (%) Proportion of jurisdiction population (%) NSW168,77329.32.3 Vic37,6476.50.7 Qld164,88328.63.6 WA77,69413.53.4 SA31,0405.41.9 Tas20,5803.64.0 ACT4,8250.81.3 NT69,85512.130.3 Australia575,552100.02.6

4. 4 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Population pyramid of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 2011 Source: Derived from ABS, 2009, ABS, 2011

5. 5 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Indigenous births and pregnancy outcome In 2010, there were 16,129 births registered in Australia with one or both parents identified as Indigenous (4% of all births registered). In 2010, Indigenous mothers were younger than non-Indigenous mothers; the median age was 24.6 years for Indigenous mothers and 30.7 years for non-Indigenous mothers. In 2010, the total fertility rates were 2,575 births per 1,000 for Indigenous women and 1,886 births per 1,000 for all women.

6. 6 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview In 2008, the average birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers was 3,196 grams, 189 grams less than the average for babies born to non-Indigenous mothers. In 2008, the proportion of babies of low birthweight born to Indigenous women was twice that of babies born to non-Indigenous women (12.3% compared with 5.9%).

7. 7 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-specific fertility rates, by Indigenous status of mother, selected jurisdictions, Australia, 2010 Source: ABS, 2011 Status of mother / age-group (years) Jurisdiction NSWVicQldWASANTAustralia Indigenous mothers 15-19563995104769176 20-2412697183163 142149 25-29112116163142139113132 30-348797123991028198 35-3947505346583647 40-441115 148912 All mothers 15-191392419154816 20-2449377159549353 25-299789111109108105100 30-34123125122124122102123 35-3973756365626070 40-4416 131412 15

8. 8 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Total fertility rates, by Indigenous status of mother, selected jurisdictions, Australia, 2010 Source: ABS, 2011 Status of mother Jurisdiction NSWVicQldWASANTAustralia Indigenous 2,195 2,066 3,167 2,844 2,724 2,360 2,575 All mothers 1,865 1,754 2,029 1,959 1,874 2,105 1,886

9. 9 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Mean birthweights and percentage of low birthweight for babies born to Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers, selected jurisdictions, Australia, 2008 Source: Derived from Laws, Li and Sullivan, 2010 NSWVicQldWASANTAustralia Indigenous mothers Mean birthweight3,2413,1843,2323,1133,1163,1563,196 % low birthweight 10.914.210.414.816.3 13.712.3 Non-Indigenous mothers Mean birthweight 3,387 3,377 3,397 3,370 3,368 3,407 3,385 % low birthweight5.76.1 5.76.14.75.9

10. 10 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Indigenous mortality In 2004-2008, the age-standardised death rate for Indigenous people was 1.8 times the rate for non-Indigenous people. Between 1991 and 2008, there was a 25% reduction in the death rates of Indigenous people in WA, SA and the NT. For Indigenous people born 2005-2007, life expectancy was estimated to be 67.2 years for males and 72.9 years for females, around 10 years less than the estimates for non-Indigenous males and females. In 2006-2010, age-specific death rates were higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people across all age-groups, and were much higher in the young and middle adult years.

11. 11 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview For 2008-2010, the infant mortality rate was higher for Indigenous infants than for non-Indigenous infants; the rate for Indigenous infants was highest in the NT. From 1991 to 2008, there were significant declines in infant mortality rates for Indigenous and other infants. For 2004-2008, the leading causes of death among Indigenous people were cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease. In 2003-2005, maternal mortality ratios were 2.7 times higher for Indigenous women than for non-Indigenous women.

12. 12 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Jurisdiction Indigenous rate Non-Indigenous rate Rate ratio NSW9476151.5 Qld1,0636091.7 WA1,6735802.9 SA1,0236151.7 NT1,5826792.3 NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT1,1846091.9 Australia1,1026071.8 Age-standardised death rates, by Indigenous status, and Indigenous:non- Indigenous rate ratios, selected jurisdictions, Australia, 2004-2008 Source: AIHW, 2011

13. 13 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview PopulationMalesFemales Indigenous Australia67.272.9 NSW69.975.0 Qld68.373.6 WA65.070.4 NT61.569.2 Total population Australia78.782.6 Expectation of life at birth in years for Indigenous people and the total population, by sex, selected jurisdictions, Australia, 2005-2007 Source: ABS, 2009

14. 14 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years) IndigenousNon-IndigenousRate ratio MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales NSW 076541.6 1–4323720171.62.2 5–14149.61171.3 15–24842250211.71.1 25–341679276312.23.0 35–44381202126663.0 45–548134052811702.92.4 55–641,5181,0526593942.32.7 65+4,7414,2734,2193,7351.1 Qld 0107541.8 1–4565825202.23.0 5–1422161191.91.8 15–241237659252.13.1 25–3426012587343.03.7 35–44499321128673.94.8 45–549566242711583.53.9 55–641,8191,3976423762.83.7 65+6,3355,0254,0493,5631.61.4 Age-specific death rates, by Indigenous status and sex, and Indigenous:non- Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, SA and the NT, 2006-2010 Source: ABS, 2011

15. 15 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years) IndigenousNon-IndigenousRate ratio MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales SA 0 66431.71.8 1–4 07725170.04.6 5–14 1123781.63.1 15–24 1569856212.84.7 25–34 32620391353.65.8 35–44 690486146824.76.0 45–54 1,2588842921904.34.7 55–64 2,1241,6626764033.14.1 65+ 4,1484,1744,4063,9270.91.1 NT 0 1412443.73.2 1–4 855424103.65.3 5–14 47382472.05.9 15–24 292120108342.73.5 25–34 50623892325.57.5 35–44 1,061604160526.611.6 45–54 1,7161,2103591524.88.0 55–64 3,0001,9527873143.86.2 65+ 6,9495,7103,5532,6762.02.1 Age-specific death rates, by Indigenous status and sex, and Indigenous:non- Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, SA and the NT, 2006-2010 Source: ABS, 2011

16. 16 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Jurisdiction IndigenousNon-IndigenousRate ratio MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales NSW5.94.44.63.51.3 Qld10.07.45.44.01.9 SA4.25.13.83.01.11.7 NT12.410.44.23.23.03.3 Infant mortality rates, by Indigenous status and sex, and Indigenous:non- Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, SA and the NT, 2008-2010 Source: Derived from ABS, 2011

17. 17 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Cause of death Rate Rate ratio IndigenousNon-Indigenous Cardiovascular disease5432132.5 Neoplasms (cancer)2681811.5 Respiratory diseases152513.0 Endocrine, metabolic and nutritional disorders (including diabetes)135226.3 Digestive diseases96204.7 Injury95372.6 Kidney diseases56115.1 Nervous system diseases37231.6 Infectious and parasitic diseases2993.2 Conditions originating in the perinatal period6.12.82.1 Other causes97412.3 All causes14986112.5 Standardised death rates, by Indigenous status and cause, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2004-2008 Source: Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2011

18. 18 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Indigenous statusConfinementsMaternal deathsMaternal mortality ratio Indigenous27,901 Direct and indirect maternal deaths 621.5 Direct maternal deaths 27.2 Non-Indigenous745,347 Direct and indirect maternal deaths 597.9 Direct maternal deaths 273.6 Numbers of confinements and maternal deaths, and maternal mortality ratios, by Indigenous status, Australia, 2003-2005 Source: Derived from Sullivan, Hall, King, 2008

19. 19 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview JurisdictionIndigenous rateNon-Indigenous rateRate ratio NSW3561472.4 Qld4631483.1 WA6881365.1 SA5431493.6 NT7722013.8 All jurisdictions5071463.5 Age-standardised rates of avoidable deaths, by Indigenous status and jurisdiction, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, persons aged 0- 74 years, NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2004-2008 Source: AIHW, 2011

20. 20 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Indigenous hospitalisation In 2009-10, around 3.9% of all hospitalisations were of Indigenous people. In 2009-10, the age-standardised separation rate for Indigenous people was 2.4 times higher than that for other people. In 2009-10, the main cause of hospitalisation for Indigenous people was ICD ‘factors influencing health status and contact with health services’ (around 48% of hospital separations), followed by injury (7.4% of hospital separations).

21. 21 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Jurisdiction IndigenousNon-Indigenous Rate ratio NumberRateNumberRate NSW 61,0295382,446,7883321.6 Vic 15,176621 2,295,2634061.5 Qld 77,2978001,690,6263862.1 WA 61,6021,314825,6073753.5 SA 20,4731,057632,5973612.9 NT 69,4311,66430,2592117.9 All jurisdictions 305,0088987,921,1443692.4 Numbers of hospital separations and age-standardised separation rates, by Indigenous status and jurisdiction, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2009-10 Source: AIHW, 2011

22. 22 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age- group (years) MalesFemales Indigenous rateNon-Indigenous rateRate ratioIndigenous rateNon-Indigenous rateRate ratio 0-43492471.42771891.5 5-91241001.291781.2 10-1497841.290701.3 15-191271261.02691741.5 20-241901261.54882501.9 25-292301321.75223171.6 30-343681542.46493851.7 35-396501903.46403571.8 40-448532243.88693072.8 45-4910892744.011733103.8 50-5413353573.714883694.0 55-5917014743.618844334.4 60-6419086423.024245344.5 65+191711801.617489191.9 Age-specific hospital separation rates, by sex and Indigenous status, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2009-10 Source: Derived from AIHW, 2011, ABS, 2009, ABS, 2010

23. 23 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Principal diagnosisNumber of separations Proportion of separations (excl dialysis) (%) Ratio Injury39,57413.01.9 Pregnancy-related38,31712.61.4 Respiratory diseases31,63210.42.6 Digestive diseases27,5289.10.9 Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings22,8737.51.4 Mental and behavioural disorders21,7787.21.8 Circulatory diseases16,5305.51.6 Genitourinary diseases12,8794.21.1 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue12,1034.02.3 Endocrine (including diabetes)10,5923.53.0 Infectious/parasitic diseases10,4503.42.2 Other 59,39519.6--- All causes, excluding dialysis303,651100.01.3 Numbers and proportions of hospital separations for leading causes of Indigenous separations (excluding dialysis), and Indigenous:non- Indigenous ratios, NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, July 2006 – June 2008 Source: Derived from AIHW, 2011

24. 24 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Cardiovascular disease In 2004-2005, 12% of Indigenous people reported having a long- term heart or related condition; after age-adjustment, these conditions were around 1.3 times more common for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people. In 2008-09, Indigenous people were hospitalised for cardiovascular disease at 1.9 times the rate of non-Indigenous people. In 2004-2008, cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death among Indigenous people, accounting for 27% of Indigenous deaths.

25. 25 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Cancer In 2003-2007, the age-adjusted cancer incidence rates were lower for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people. In 2003-2007, most common cancers diagnosed among Indigenous people were lung and breast cancer. In 2004-2008, death rates for cancer were higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people (1.2 times higher for males and 1.5 times higher for females).

26. 26 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Cancer MalesFemales IndigenousNon-IndigenousRatioIndigenousNon-IndigenousRatio Lung91611.544281.6 Breast---851150.7 Prostate561410.4--- Colorectal40760.537520.7 Lymphoma43590.722390.6 Unknown primary site31191.727141.9 Mouth and throat26112.211 1.1 Liver and gallbladder21102.11452.6 Pancreas16111.51291.4 Oesophagus1782.0431.3 Cervix---1772.4 Age-standardised incidence rates for selected cancers, by sex and Indigenous status, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2000-2004 Source: ABS and AIHW, 2008

27. 27 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Diabetes In 2004-2005, after age-adjustment, Indigenous people were 3.4 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to report having some form of diabetes. In 2006-2008, after age-adjustment, hospitalisation rates for diabetes among Indigenous males and females were 3.4 and 5.0 times the rates of other males and females. In 2004-2005, Indigenous people died from diabetes at almost seven times the rate of other Australians.

28. 28 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years) Proportions of Indigenous people (%) Proportions of non- Indigenous people (%) Ratio 15-241.00.51.9 25-344.30.66.8 35-4410.02.05.1 45-5420.74.05.2 55+32.111.62.8 Proportions of people reporting diabetes/high sugar levels as a long-term health condition, by Indigenous status, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous ratios, Australia, 2004-2005 Source: ABS, 2006

29. 29 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Social and emotional wellbeing In 2008, 79% of Indigenous people aged 18 years and over experienced at least one significant stressor in the previous 12 months; the comparable figure for the total population was 62% in 2010. In 2008, after age-adjustment, Indigenous people were more than two-and-a-half times as likely as non-Indigenous people to feel high or very high levels of psychological distress. In 2008-09, after age-adjustment, Indigenous people were hospitalised for ICD ‘mental and behavioural disorders’ at almost twice the rate of non-Indigenous people. In 2005-2009, Indigenous people died from intentional self-harm at 2.5 times the rate of non-Indigenous people.

30. 30 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Type of stressor Indigenous status / year Proportion of Indigenous people (%) Proportion of total population (%) 20082010 Death of a family member or close friend4023 Serious illness or disability3330 Not able to get a job2315 Alcohol-related problems218 Mental illness1713 Pregnancy17-- Drug-related problems15-- Trouble with the police154 You, a family member or friend spent time in jail13-- Overcrowding at home13-- Treated badly/discrimination10-- Total reporting stressor(s)7962 Proportions of stressors reported in the previous 12 months, by Indigenous status, year and stressor type, Australia, 2008 and 2010 Source: AIHW, 2011 and ABS, 2011

31. 31 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Jurisdiction IndigenousNon-IndigenousRate ratio MalesFemalesMalesFemalesMalesFemales NSW17n.p.1241.4n.p Qld39121742.32.6 WA51151753.13.3 SA60n.p.1853.4n.p. NT65n.p.20n.p.3.2n.p. All jurisdictions39101542.62.4 Age-standardised death rates for intentional self-harm, by Indigenous status and sex, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2005-2009 Source: Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2011

32. 32 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years)IndigenousNon-IndigenousRate ratio Under 251444.1 25-3441133.3 35-4430142.1 45 and over10120.8 All ages24102.5 Death rates for intentional self-harm, by Indigenous status and age- group, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2005-2009 Source: Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2011

33. 33 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Kidney health In 2009-10, care involving dialysis was the most common reason for hospitalisation among Indigenous people; Indigenous people were hospitalised at 11 times the rate of other people. In 2007-2009, after age-adjustment, the notification rate of end- stage renal disease was almost 10 times higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people. In 2004-2008, the age-standardised death rate from kidney disease was 5.1 times higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people.

34. 34 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Jurisdiction IndigenousNon-Indigenous Rate ratio NumberRateNumberRate NSW802832,200982.9 Vic194151,6011014.1 Qld1676371,3181066.0 WA1561,1946059712.4 SA448765031078.2 NT2011,594368918.0 Australia6759606574979.9 Numbers of notifications and age-standardised notification rates for end- stage renal disease, by Indigenous status, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, selected jurisdictions, Australia, 2007-2009 Source: Derived from ANZDATA, 2010, ABS, 2008, ABS, 2001, ABS, 2009

35. 35 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years) IndigenousNon-Indigenous Rate ratio NumberRateNumberRate 0-14128370.2 15-241237155182.1 25-3448214313365.9 35-441437035075612.6 45-542221,52893210714.3 55-641832,2391,36019011.8 65-74591,6701,6673754.5 75+74381,5573901.1 All ages6759606,574979.9 Numbers of notifications and notification rates of end-stage renal disease, by Indigenous status and age-group, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, Australia, 2007-2009 Source: Derived from ANZDATA, 2010, ABS, 2008, ABS, 2001, ABS, 2009

36. 36 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Injury In 2009-10, Indigenous people were hospitalised for injuries at almost twice the rate of other people. In 2004-2008, injury was the third most common cause of death among Indigenous people, accounting for 15% of Indigenous deaths.

37. 37 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Respiratory disease In 2004-2005, 27% of Indigenous people reported having a respiratory condition, with 15% having asthma; after age- adjustment, the levels of respiratory disease were similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. In 2006-2008, the age-standardised hospitalisation rates for respiratory disease were 2.6 times higher for Indigenous people than for other people. In 2004-2008, the age-standardised death rate for respiratory diseases was 2.3 times higher for Indigenous people than for non- Indigenous people.

38. 38 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview MalesFemalesPersons RateRate ratioRateRate ratioRateRate ratio Chronic lower respiratory diseases953.0633.2763.1 Pneumonia and influenza272.1221.8242.0 Other respiratory disease221.2100.9151.1 Total respiratory disease1442.3952.21162.3 Age-standardised death rates for respiratory disease, Indigenous people, by sex and condition, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2004-2008 Source: AIHW, 2011

39. 39 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Eye health In 2004-2005, eye and sight problems were reported by 30% of Indigenous people. In 2008, the rate of blindness for Indigenous adults was 6.2 times higher than for non-Indigenous adults.

40. 40 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Ear health The level of ear disease and hearing loss among Indigenous people remained higher than that of the general population, particularly among children and young adults.

41. 41 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Oral health In 2000-2003, Indigenous children had more caries in their deciduous and permanent teeth than did non-Indigenous children, and higher levels of gingivitis. In 2004-2006, periodontal diseases and caries were more prevalent among Indigenous adults than among non-Indigenous adults.

42. 42 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Disability In 2008, after age-adjustment, Indigenous people were more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous people to have a profound/core activity restriction.

43. 43 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years) Proportions of Indigenous people (%) Proportions of non- Indigenous people (%) Ratio 18-242.51.32.0 25-342.81.22.3 35-444.91.72.8 45-548.22.73.1 55-6413.24.82.8 65 or older20.213.41.5 All ages8.44.12.1 Proportions of people aged 18 years or older needing assistance with core activities, by Indigenous status and age-group, Australia, 2006 Source: ABS, AIHW 2008

44. 44 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years) Proportions of Indigenous people (%) Proportions of non- Indigenous people (%) Ratio 18-246.33.02.1 25-346.22.42.6 35-446.23.02.1 45-5410.24.12.5 55+17.78.52.1 All ages10.34.72.2 Proportions of persons 18 years or older with profound/core activity restriction, persons, by Indigenous status and age-group, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous ratios, non-remote areas of Australia, 2008 Source: Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2011

45. 45 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Communicable diseases In 2003-2007, the age-standardised incidence rate of tuberculosis was 14.8 times higher for Indigenous people than for non- Indigenous people. In 2008-2010, the crude hepatitis B and C notification rates were 2.2 and 5.1 times higher for Indigenous people than for non- Indigenous people. In 2003-2006, the age-standardised notification rate for Haemophilus influenza type b was 8.8 times higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people. In 2006-2008, the age-standardised rate of invasive pneumococcal disease was 7.3 times higher for Indigenous people than for other Australians.

46. 46 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview In 2003-2006, the age-standardised notification rate of meningococcal disease was 2.7 times higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people. In 2008-2010, sexually transmissible infections were more common among Indigenous people than among non-Indigenous people; gonorrhoea notifications were 50 times higher. In 2010, the rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. In some remote Indigenous communities, more than 70% of young children had scabies and pyoderma.

47. 47 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview JurisdictionNumberPopulationRate NSW23143,8243.2 Vic430,3292.6 Qld43136,7546.3 WA1170,9453.1 SA927,5786.5 Tas218,3332.2 ACT04,300- NT8060,37326.5 Australia172492,6777.0 Numbers of new cases and crude notification rates of tuberculosis, Indigenous people, by jurisdiction, Australia, 2003-2007 Source: Derived from Li, 2004, Roche, 2006, Roche, 2007, Roche, 2008 and Barry, 2009

48. 48 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Age-group (years) IndigenousNon-Indigenous Rate ratio NumberRateNumberRate 0-4103.3440.74.5 5-14101.6410.35.2 15-24224.5420.314.5 25-34328.7680.518.0 35-44268.4490.325.3 45-543316.0720.530.6 55-641917.5670.628.4 65+2029.42772.114.1 All ages172 660 14.8 Source: Derived from: Li, 2004, Roche, 2006, Roche, 2007, Roche, 2008 and Barry, 2009 Numbers of new cases and notification rates of tuberculosis, by Indigenous status and age-group, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, Australia, 2003-2007

49. 49 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Nutrition In 2004-2005, the majority of Indigenous people reported eating fruit (86%) and vegetables (95%) on a daily basis. In 2004-2005, 13% of Indigenous people reported having no usual daily fruit intake (compared with 7% of non-Indigenous people), and 5% reported no usual daily vegetable intake (compared with 1% of non-Indigenous people).

50. 50 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Physical activity In 2004-2005, after age-adjustment, 51% of Indigenous people in non-remote areas reported low or very low levels of physical activity, compared with 33% of non-Indigenous people.

51. 51 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Bodyweight In 2004-2005, after age-adjustment, the level of obesity/overweight was 1.2 times higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people.

52. 52 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Immunisation In 2004-2005, 88% of Indigenous children 0-6 years in non-remote areas were fully immunised against the recommended vaccine- preventable diseases.

53. 53 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Breastfeeding In 2004-2005, 84% of Indigenous mothers reported having breastfed their children.

54. 54 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Tobacco smoking In 2010, after age-adjustment, daily smoking was 2.2 times more common among Indigenous people than among non-Indigenous people (38% compared with 18%).

55. 55 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Alcohol use In 2008, 35% of Indigenous people aged 15 years or older abstained from alcohol, a level of abstinence more than 2.5 times that of the Australian population aged 15 years or older in 2007-08. In 2004-2005, 8% of Indigenous people aged 18 years or older consumed alcohol at a ‘high risk’ level, compared with 6% of their non-Indigenous counterparts. In 2006-2008, Indigenous people were hospitalised for a diagnosis related to alcohol use at a rate 4.2 times that of non-Indigenous people. In 2004-2008, the death rate from alcohol-related causes was 6.3 times higher for Indigenous people than for non-Indigenous people.

56. 56 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview Illicit drug use In 2008, Indigenous people aged 15 years or older were 1.6 times more likely than non-Indigenous people aged 14 years or older to have used an illicit substance in the previous 12 months.

57. 57 www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet ©2012 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet /overview JurisdictionIndigenous rateNon-Indigenous rateRate ratio NSW11.55.52.1 Qld4.04.30.9 WA9.35.41.7 SA17.86.32.8 NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT7.85.31.5 Rates of drug induced deaths, persons, by Indigenous status and sex, and Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios, NSW, Qld, WA, SA, and the NT, 2005-2009 Source: Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2011