1. RESOURCES FROM EARTH’S WATERS
OCEANS, BAYS, LAKES,RIVERS PONDS, STREAMS ETC.

2. WORLD POPULATION

3. How Much of Our Food Supply Comes from Earth’s Water
1% of food comes from the sea
Earth’s Waters Supply 10% of the protein consumed by humans

4. Kinds of Food From Earth’s Waters
Finfish – make up 85% of world catch followed by shellfish (mollusk and crustaceans)
Finfish come from - 86% ocean, % freshwater
Shellfish- 15% mostly from the ocean

5. Kinds of Food From Earth’s Water cont’d
Freshwater fisheris comprise 18% of the global catch, and it is growing!
Seafood accounts for 15% of the total animal protein consumed worldwide!!
(a very large number considering only1% of food comes from the sea/rivers/lakes.

6. Types of Fish and Shellfish
Benthic and Demersal – live at or near the bottom of the sea in COLD Waters (ex. Flounder, lobsters, crabs, whiting)
Clupeoid – live in schools near surface on continental shelf ex. Herrings (sardines), Menhaden, Shads
Pelagic – Open water fish (ex. Squid, Tuna, Swordfish)

7. Benthic Fish KING CRAB
Live at or near the
bottom of the sea

8. COLD WATER DEMERSAL FISH
Live near or around the bottom of the continental shelf
Examples
Cod, Pollack, haddock, hakes, whiting
Caught in trawls

9. COD

10. WHITING

11. POLLACK

12. Benthic Fish Flounder Flat fish Eyes on one side Camouflage to
match color of
the sand

13. Benthic Fishing Techniques
Caught with trawls-dragged along the bottom of the sea. TRAWLING

14. FISHING TECHNIQUES
TRAWLING

15. Cod Fishery-Threatened!!
1992-Grand Banks placed moratorium (ended) the cod fishery to save them from extinction.
1994-Georges Bank fishery off New England closed their operations also.
Experts predict the cod will NEVER recover!!!

16. CLUPEOID FISH
SARDINES – travel in schools near the surface & along continental shelf

17. CONTINENTAL SHELF

18. CLUPEOID FISH Sardines, shad, herring, menhaden etc. Live in schools
Found over continental shelf
Caught using purse seines
Eaten fresh, canned or pickled
Ground into fish flour or Fish Protein Concentrate

19. Fishing Techniques Purse Seine Nets

20. FISHING TECHNIQUES
PURSE SEINE

21. CLUPEOID FISH Used to produce fish oil
Used to make fish meal for poultry feed
Used to make fertilizer
Industrial catches may result in overfishing because they naturally fluctuate in population and fisherman are unaware of their low cycles
1940’s sardine fishery collapsed

22. Purse Seine Catches

23. CLUPEOID FISH
HERRINGS

24. CLUPEOID FISH
MENHADEN

25. Sardines and Anchovies

26. PELAGIC FISH Open Water Fish
Billfish (Striped marlin, Blue marlin, Black marlin Sailfish, Swordfish)
Tuna (Yellowfin, Skipjack, Bonito)
Jacks (Yellowtail, Amberjack)
Dolphinfish (Dorado)
Mako shark

27. Tuna

28. TUNA Skipjack, yellow fin, big eye, albacore, blue fin
Eaten raw in sashami
Caught in gill nets, large sienes and long lines
Blue fin can sell for up to $ a pound
Tuna population is down 10%
Fish nations would not declare it an endangered species, but in 1995 agreed to restrict catches to 50% of current catches

29. Fishing Techniques-Pelagic Fish
Pelagic Fish are caught using large seines, surface longlines and gill nets.

30. COMMERCIAL FISHING IN THE PAST
Early fishing methods

31. FISHING TECHNIQUES

32. FISHING TECHNIQUES
LONG LINES-Pelagic Fish

33. LONG LINES-Pelagic Fish

34. FISH NET

35. GILL NET-Benthic/Demersal Fish

36. Marlin

37. SKIPJACK TUNA

38. Blue Fin Tuna

39. YELLOW FIN TUNA

40. YELLOWFIN TUNA

41. ALBACORE TUNA

42. SWORDFISH

43. MAKO SHARK

44. FINNING Many sharks Are caught and Killed ONLY For their fins!!
Then thrown
Back into the
Water to drown/die at sea.
Fins sold to China for Shark Fin Soup 

45. HW-Textbook pages 355-377 Questions on Resources from the Sea Chapter.

46. Total Marine Catches from 1990 to 1995
(million tons) 1990
(million tons)
1995
Fishes
69.36
73.07
Mollusks
7.73
10.61
Crustaceans
4.50
5.65
TOTALS
97.97
112.91

47. MOLLUSK Second to finfish, mollusks are the most valuable food source
Mollusks-Soft-body protected by a calcium carbonate shell.
Largest catches include clams, scallops mussels, oysters, abalone, squid, and octopus

48. MOLLUSKS

49. Fishing for Mollusks
Shellfish-clams, oysters, scallops are caught using a scallop dredge or traps sitting on the seafloor.

50. SCALLOP DREDGE

52. Pink Spiny Lobster

57. LOBSTERS, CRABS AND SHRIMP

58. CRUSTACEANS Crabs Lobster Shrimp
Caught in traps and trawls that are dragged along the seafloor.

59. LOBSTER TRAP

60. LOBSTER IN TRAP
Lobster and Crab Fishing Today

61. SEAWEED
Varieties of freshwater and marine algae are popular as a food source in the far east
Often used in sushi, sashimi, and soup

62. SEAWEEDS
Seaweed is used in many cultures. It can be consumed raw, cooked, dried. Contains substantial amounts of protein

63. SEA URCHIN (UNI)
Roe (eggs and organs that make the eggs) demands an incredibly high price in $$ Japan

64. Caviar
Caviar is an expensive delicacy consisting of the unfertilized eggs (roe) of sturgeon brined with a salt solution .

65. STURGEON

66. SEA CUCUMBERS
Called TREPANG OR BECHE-DE-MER are dried, smoked, or eaten raw in orient

67. JELLIES
Jellies are dried and eaten in China

68. POLYCHEATE WORMS
Eaten in South Pacific

69. Lab-Medicines from the Sea p.176

70. SEA TURTLES
Sea Turtles and their eggs are eaten wherever found

71. SEALS AND WHALES
Still eaten, particularly in Arctic, West Indies, and South Pacific

72. MINKE WHALES

73. BELUGA WHALES

74. NEW YORK STATES ENDANGERED FISH SPECIES
Shortnose Sturgeon   
Silver Chub  
 Pugnose Shiner 
  Round Whitefish  
 Bluebreast Darter   
Gilt Darter   
Spoonhead Sculpin   
Deepwater Sculpin   

75. How Much Fishing is Too Much?
Optimal Catch vs. Over-fishing
Renewable Resources are composed of living organisms that can reproduce and replace individuals lost to disease and predators including humans.
Nonrenewable resources would not be replaced naturally and would include oil and minerals.

76. Over-Fishing Catch them faster than they reproduce.
A population of fishes are over-fished and the stock ( size of population) is reduced to a level which can still reproduce successfully, fisheries will cease to exist for a short time, then rebound.

77. Successful Reproduction
Depends on a Proper Stocking
Too many organisms lead to overcrowding, excessive competition, and depletion of food resources.
Too few organisms produce too few young to maintain a proper self-sustaining stock.
Fish do best when there are not too many and not too few. OPTIMAL *

78. MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD
The amount of fish that can be caught and just balance the growth of the population.
Catch just enough fish to prevent population growth, but not enough to reduce the population.

79. Maximum Sustainable Yield Graph

80. PROBLEMS WITH MAINTAINING MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD
Fisheries strive to exceed maximal sustainable yield or optimal catch.
Overfishing has already affected almost all commercial fisheries.
Stocks of cod, haddock, herring, halibut, shark, and wild salmon are in danger.
Fish stocks are damaged by pollution from oil spills, sewage, and toxic chemicals.

81. Problems Determining Maximum Sustainable Yield
Not easy to determine
Variation caused by catching fish when they are too young or catching them before or after breeding season may make all the difference.
No exact science about regulating stocks of fish

82. Problems from the Past Sardines
1940-Pacific Sardine fishery collapsed due to heavy fishing that coincided with a low point in their reproductive cycle.

83. Problems of Today Bluefin Tuna
Tunas-Northern bluefin tuna; one of the largest bony fish is very valuable. Their popluation is down to less than 10% of their former numbers in the Western Atlantic.
Nations are slow to respond, refusing to list it as endangered.
1995-Agreed to reduce catch limits by 1/2

84. Problems of Today Swordfish
Swordfish-Close to commercial extinction.
Stocks fallen 70% since 1960.
88% of swordfish caught in 1995 were too young to reproduce!!!

85. Other Threats Pollution: Oil spills Sewage overflow Toxic Chemicals
Fertilizer/pesticide runoff into oceans/lakes
Habitat loss
Destruction of breeding grounds

86. Possible Remedies
Set fishing limits below what we think is the optimal catch
Limit the length of fishing season
Restricting the size or number of boats
Regulating the size and the sex of fish caught
Certain methods of fishing can be eliminated (ex. Trawls) or size of nets

87. MORE REMEDIES Control the areas of the sea to be fished
Safe fish farming

88. Fishing and Life
Many people are effected by the success or failure of fisheries
Cannery
Dock workers
Boating and fishing gear industries
Bankers
Fisherman
Local businesses

89. Regulations
1989 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea established a 200 nautical mile ( 1 nm = 1.15 miles) exclusive economic zone. (EEZ)
Within this zone each country controls fishing, oil, and mineral resources.

90. New Fisheries
Create a market to use “junk fish” or “Bycatch” such as Alaskan Pollack, Monkfish, Croakers, and Sea Robins will be consumed. They are presently used to make fish flour, fish sticks and enrich processed food.

91. Industrial Fisheries
Catch is used for purposes other than human consumption (fish oil, margarine, paint, pet food, fertilizer)
Industrial fisheries account for over 1/3 worlds total fish.
Most clupeoid fish are used for FPC or fish flour.

92. Aquaculture Fish Farming
Can reduce pressure on the oceans for protein
It is the commercial breeding and raising of fish for human consumption.
Chinese have farmed freshwater fish for thousands of years
Romans have raised oysters
Videos\Aquaculture safer method.asf

93. Fish Farm

96. Catfish Farming

101. Fish Farming Benefits
Provide a plentiful inexpensive source of food specifically protein for a large population
Easier and can be less expensive than catching wild fish
May help prevent extinction of some species

102. Limitations and Problems with Fish Farming
Only a small number of fish species can be farm raised
Clupeoid fishes need open ocean spaces and would not survive on a farm
Parasites and diseases are a concern
Cannibalism
Need expensive filters and pools free of pollution

103. Limitations and Problems of Fish Farming
Use of artificial feed sources (ex. Chicken feed or Junk Fish)
Concentration of Carcinogens (ex. PCP ) in some populations.
Effect on local environment

104. Salmon Farming Hatch in freshwater habitats from 0-18months
At 18months they are moved offshore into pens in the ocean. Stimulates normal lifecycle.

105. Salmon Farming-Problems
Waste concentrates and builds up in surrounding water.
Disease spread quickly and easily to other fish and fish that are not in the pen.
Chemicals given to salmon (antibiotics) may affect humans.
Farmed salmon have higher levels of PCB, toxic to humans!

106. Salmon Farming Problems
Sea lice-parasites on fish

107. Video Clips
Videos\Fish_Farms.asf
Videos\Fish_Farming_.asf