1. Factors Influencing Business-to-Business Purchasing

2. WHAT COMPANIES REALLY PAY FOR OWNERSHIP Cost of ownership goes beyond the price paid for a product TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP = PRODUCT PRICE + DELIVERY + INSTALLATION + MAINTENANCE / REPAIR + POWER COSTS + SUPPLY COSTS + OPERATING COSTS + FINANCING

3. Steps in the Business Buying Process 1.Recognizing the need 2.Developing product specifications a)General description of need b)Detailed & precise product specifications 3.Soliciting bids from potential suppliers a)Supplier search b)Acquisition of proposals 4.The Make or Buy Decision a)If decision is to make, process stops b)If decision is to outsource, supplier is chosen 5.Negotiation / Issuing the contract 6.Inspecting delivered shipment for completeness & quality 7.Evaluating vendor performance

4. Quotations and Contracts RFQ: Request for Quotation RFP: Request for Proposal Boilerplate: –Standard legal clauses (fine print) on RFQs, your bid, and the customer’s order. –May contain terms of sale that contradict terms on your bid, and often contain penalties for nonperformance.

5. Types of Business Buying Situations New-task buy: –Business buying situation that is new and very different from anything that the buyer has faced previously. Straight rebuy: –Most common type of business buying situation; buyer purchases a part, material, or service routinely, with little thought going into buying process. Modified rebuy: –Reevaluation of alternatives; necessary because buying requirements have changed such that relatively routine buy or purchase no longer is routine.

6. Examples of Products Purchased Using the Buy-Class Pure routine Complete negotiation Straight Rebuy Modified Rebuy New Buy Electricity Gas/Water Office Supplies Bulk Chemicals VehiclesConsulting Services Electrical Components Computer Systems Installations Moon Shot Insurance

7. Insurance for the Apollo 11 Moonshot

8. Buygrid Analysis FrameworkStraight Rebuy RebuyModified NewBuy Need Recognition Develop Product Specifications Solicit Bids Make or Buy Decision Negotiate / Issue Contract Inspect Shipment Evaluate Vendor Performance Complexity of Buying Situation CreepingCommitment

9. Multi-Attribute Theory Product offerings are bundles of attributes. Attributes provide benefits. Benefits satisfy needs. Buyers differ in their needs, therefore Buyers differ in the importance they place upon various attributes. Some buyers seek to maximize the set of attributes. Others seek to satisfy most important attributes first.

10. Role Theory The differing roles people play (in business, society, or life in general) have differing norms and expectations. Examines how people interact in the Buying Center (more than one person is involved in the purchasing decision.) In many cases, the buying center is an informal, complex, changing group. In other cases, it is a formal part of the organization (such as cross-functional teams)

11. The Buying Center Consists of those individuals –who participate in the purchasing decision and –who share the goals and risks arising from the decision Average buying center includes more than 4 persons per purchase

12. Roles of Buying Center Members User –Will use product in question; minimal - major influence Buyer –Assigned formal authority to select vendors and complete purchasing transaction. Gatekeeper –Tight controller of information flow to other buying center members; can open/close gate for salespeople. Influencer –Provides information to other members for evaluating alternative products or sets purchasing specifications; can operate within/outside buying center. Decider –Makes buying decision; often difficult to ID.

13. JSU’s Buying Center for the iPad User –Faculty members that will use the iPad Buyer –JSU’s purchasing department Gatekeeper –Administrative assistants such as Dean Fielding’s assistant, Ms. Roberts Influencer(s) –Distance Education Department –Information Technology Department –College of Education Decider –University Provost, Dr. Rebecca Turner

14. Buying Center Dimensions Time –Time fragmentation: length of time people are in the buying center. –Limits members’ influence –Can lengthen decision making time due to inexperience Vertical –Layers of management involved Horizontal –Number of departments involved

15. Clues for Identifying Powerful Buying Center Members Know purchasing’s true role Trace connections to the top Isolate personal stakeholders Identify experts Follow the information flow

16. Individual Forces Evaluative criteria –education, training, experience Information Processing –selective exposure, attention, perception, and retention Risk-Reduction Preferences –level of uncertainty about outcomes –magnitude of consequences associated with incorrect choice

17. Selective Perception  Selective exposure.  Selective attention.  Selective retention. Impacts how your buyer views and understands the world Impacts how your buyer views risk

18. Impact of Increasing Levels of Perceived Risk Buying center becomes larger Higher level managers become involved Information search more active Wider variety of info sources accessed Buying center members exert more effort Sellers with proven track records tend to be more favored Product quality & after-sale service tend to become more important than price